Blood

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Erythrocytes

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Also called red blood cells. Cells that contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing pigment that binds oxygen in order to transport it to the cells of the body.

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Formed Elements

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The solid, cellular portion of blood; consists of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

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Hematopoiesis

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The process of forming blood

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Leukocytes

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Also called white blood cells; a group of several different types of cells that provide protection against the invasion of bacteria and other foreign material; able to leave the bloodstream and search out the foreign invaders, where they perform phagocytosis

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Plasma

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The liquid portion of blood containing 90% water. The remaining 10% consists of plasma proteins, inorganic substances, organic components, and waste products

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Platelets

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Cells responsible for the coagulation of blood. These are also called thrombocytes and contain no hemoglobin.

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Red Blood Cells

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Also called erythrocytes; cells that contain hemoglobin, and iron-containing pigment that binds oxygen in order to transport it to the cells of the body.

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White Blood Cells

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Blood cells that provide protection against the invasion of bacteria and other foreign material.

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Albumin

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A protein that is normally found circulating in the bloodstream. It is abnormal for it to be in the urine.

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Amino Acids

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An organic substance found in plasma. It is used by cells to build proteins.

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Calcium

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An inorganic substance found in plasma. It is important for bones, muscles, and nerves.

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Creatinine

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A waste product of muscle metabolism

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Fats

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Lipid molecules transported throughout the body dissolved in the blood.

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Fibrinogen

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Blood protein that is essential for clotting to take place.

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Gamma Globulin

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Protein component of blood containing antibodies that help to resist infection.

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Globulins

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One type of protein found dissolved in the plasma.

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Glucose

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The form of sugar used by the cells of the body to make energy. It is transported to the cells in the blood.

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Plasma Proteins

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Proteins that are found in plasma. Includes serum albumin, serum globulin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin.

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Potassium

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An inorganic substance found in plasma. It is important for bones and muscles.

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Serum

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Clear, sticky fluid that remains after the blood has clotted.

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Sodium

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An inorganic substance found in plasma.

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Urea

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A waste product of protein metabolism. It diffuses through the tissues in lymph and is returned to the circulatory system for transport to the kidneys.

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Bilirubin

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Waste products produced from destruction of worn-out red blood cells; disposed of by the liver

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Enucleated

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The loss of a cell's nucleus

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Hemoglobin

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Iron-containing pigment of red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissue.

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Agranulocytes

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Nongranular leukocyte. This is one of the two types of leuckocytes found in plasma that are classified as either monocytes or lymphocytes

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Basophils

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A granulocyte white blood cell that releases histamine and heparin in damaged tissues.

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Eosinophils

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A granulocyte white blood cell that destroy parasites and increases during allergic reactions.

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Granulocytes

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Granular polymorphonuclear leukocyte. There are three types: neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil

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Lymphocytes

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An agranulocyte white blood cell that provides protection through the immune response.

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Monocytes

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An agranulocyte white blood cell that is important for phagocytosis

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Neutrophils

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A granulocyte white blood cell that is important for phagocytosis. It is also the most numerous of the leukocytes.

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Pathogens

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Disease-bearing organisms

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Phagocyte

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Neutrophil component of the blood; has the ability to ingest and destroy bacteria

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Phagocytosis

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The process of engulfing or ingesting material. Several types of white blood cells function by engulfing bacteria

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Agglutinate

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Clumping together to form small clusters.

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Fibrin

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Whitish protein formed by the action of thrombin and fibrinogen, which is the basis for the clotting of the blood.

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Hemostasis

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To stop bleeding or the stagnation of the circulating blood.

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Prothrombin

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Protein element within the blood that interacts with calcium salts to form thrombin.

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Thrombin

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A clotting enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

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Thrombocyte

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Also called platelets. Platelets play a critical part in the blood-clotting process by agglutinating into small clusters and releasing thrombokinase.

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Thromboplastin

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Substance released by platelets; reacts with prothrombin to form thrombin

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ABO system

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The major system of blood typing

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Blood Typing

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The blood of one person is different from another's due to the presence of antigens on the surface of the erythrocytes. The major method of typing blood is the ABO system and includes A, B, O, and AB.

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Rh Factor

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An antigen marker found on erythrocytes of persons with Rh+ blood.

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type A

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One of the ABO blood types. A person with type A markers on his or her RBCs. Type A blood will make anti-B antibodies

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type AB

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One of the ABO blood types. A person with both type A and type B markers on his or her RBCs. Since it has both markers, it will not make antibodies against either A r B blood.

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type B

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One of the ABO blood types. A person with type markers on his or her RBCs. Type B blood will make anti-A antibodies.

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type O

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One of the ABO blood types. A person with no markers on his or her RBCs. This type will not react with anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Therefore, it is considered the universal donor.

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universal donor

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Type O blood is considered this.

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universal recipient

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A person with type AB blood has no antibodies against the other blood types and therefore, in an emergency, can receive any type of blood.

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Rh-negative

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A person with Rh-blood type. The person's RBCs do not have the Rh marder and will make antibodies against Rh+ blood.

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Rh-positive

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A person with Rh+ blood type. The person's RBCs have the Rh marker.

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Type and Crossmatch

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Lab test performed before a person receives a blood transfusion; double checks the blood type of both the donor's and recipient's blood.