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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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6 things Blood does
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1. Transports gases-primary is oxygen the structure that transports is red blood cells
2. regulates pH-concentration of hydrogen bonds in body 3. Regulates electrolyte composition 4. to prevent fluid loss from damages tissues or vessels 5. regulates body temperature 6. defends against pathogens and oxins |
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Whole blood
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consists of plasma and formed elements
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plasma
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liquid and all the stuff dissolved or suspended in it
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Plasma Proteins
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Albumins
Globulins Fibrinogen |
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Albumins
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most common functions for osmosis, give blood the ability to maintain its osmotic potiential
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Globulins
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function for immune system
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fibrinogen
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functions for blood clotting
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Formed elements
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RBC WBC and platelets
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RBC-Erythrocyte
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transports oxygen
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WBC-Leukocytes
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Regulate immune system
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Platelets-Thrombocytes
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Small membrane enclosed packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes and clotting factors important to blood clotting
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Temperature of blood
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38 degrees C and 100.4 F hotter because it picks up muscle heat
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Viscoity of blood
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5 times thicher than water the proteins and solutes make the blood thicker
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pH of blood
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7.4 range is 7.35 to 7.45 hydrogens diffuse from tissue to blood and blood gives off to other tissues to maintain pH
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acidosis
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body is too acidic, too many hydrogen ions it is resipority and metabolic which is a malfunction of the metabolic system
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alkaalosis
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body is too basic
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Venipuncture
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puncture to the vein in the cubital part of arm
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capillary smear
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damage capillary which produces a drop of blood (blood sugar)
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Arterial stick
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close to surfece, bigger and comes directly from lungs and heart
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hematopoiesis
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creation of blood
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stem cells
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immature cells that dont know what kind of cell they are going to be yet
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Erythropoietn produces
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erythropoiesis-erythroblasts-erythrocyte
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How much RBC's are in men and women
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women- 4.86X10^6
men- 5.4X10^6 microliters |
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hematocrit
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measure of the percentage of RBC in a volume of blood
37-47%women 40-54% men |
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Leucopoiesis creates
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Myeloblast and monoblasts
5-6 k/mm^3 |
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meyloblast
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basophil
eosinophil neutrophil |
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monoblast
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monocyte
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lymphopiesus
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lymphoblasts create lymphocytes which produes T-cells, B-cells and NK-cells
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megakaryocyte
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breakdown into platlets which contain enzymes and clotting factors 250-300k/mm^3
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aneruism
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rupture of a blood vessel
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RED BLOOD CELLS
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7 microns in diameter
bi-concave disc filled with hemoglobin 250million hemogloblin per blood no mitochondria no ribosomes-cant fix itself no neucleus-no mitosis live 120 days 30 seconds to go from heart to tissue and back 3000 times a day it can rupture or be phagocytized |
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rupture
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cell membrane splits open and hemoglobin goes into blood plasma. when plasma passed to kidneys the hemoglobin goes in kidneys and then to urine which is called hemoglobinuria
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phagocytized RBC
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happens in the spleen, liver or bone
globin-protein break into amino acids and reuse them heme-looses Fe and becomes biliverdin-bilirubin-bile in liver and is used for digestion and released in feces |
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Hemorrhagic fever
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cause your tissue to fall apart and blood goes out. ebola
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antigen
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a protein and identifier
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antibody
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a protein that can recognize other proteins
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Universal recipitant
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AB
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universal donor
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O
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RH
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if you have it then you are positive, if you dont have it then you are negative
RH is suspended in plasma |
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Leukocytes
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5 to 6 thousand in each mm^3 of blood most WBC are active in tissues
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4 abilities WBC can do
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1. Amoeboid movement0 extrudes cell membrane and pulls itself
2. diapedesis-ability to move between cells 3. chemotaxis- responds to chemical signals 4. phagocytosis-the white blood cells eat other things |
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mast cell
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specialized basaphil that is attached to a protein fiber inbetween the cell, it produces histamine which causes imflammation
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Hemostasis
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state of the blood. process of preventing loss of blood through damaged vessel walls
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mega cariocytes
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big cells that produce platelets
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Vascular clot
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small tear, wall of vessel becomes sticky and closes up the wall
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platelet plug clot
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platelets and walls become sticky and the platelets create a plug where the bigger tear is
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clott
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fiberin becomes stick with platelets and red blood cells sick to fiberin and go to the major tear to plug the hole
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intrinsic pathway
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inside slow process
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extrinsic pathway
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outside patch on the blood vessel
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embolus
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anything floating in blood
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embolism
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blood clot stops the distribution flow of the blood
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fibrinolysis
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breakdown of firbrin starts the clot
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t-PA
tissue plasminogen activator |
causes plasminogen to become plasmin which plasmin breaks down for fibrin and then the little pieces of the clot begin to break off
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clot retraction
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erosion-breaking off pieces of clot
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fibrin
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reienforce the strength of the clot
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function of the heart
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to move blood through blood vessels
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function of blood vessels
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set of tubes blood flows through to move throughout the body
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systemic circut
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pulls oxygen out of blood and you get deoxgeninated blood to go back to heart
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aorta
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takes blood throughout the body
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mediastinum
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divided thoracic cavity and is arelor loose connective tissue, passes through the cardiac cavity, hears major structure
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pericardium
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attached to the wall of the cavity, a membrane and has an epithelial surface
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cardiac tamponase
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too much fluid in the pericardial sack, or can be filled with blood
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funtion of the pericardial fluid
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to prevent friction
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pericarditis
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inflammation of pericardium causes bacterial infection which is not enough fluid for friction
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arteries
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efferent carry blood away from heart
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veins
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afferent carry blood to heart
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pulmonary circut
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carries deoxygenitated blood
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base
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broad part of heart, makes up of the 2 atrium
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apex
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point, bottom of ventrivles, rests on the diaphragm
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cardiac notch
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space in the left lung for heart
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sulcus
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groove
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interventricular sulcus
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runs between the two ventricles
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coronary sulcus
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grooce where the 2 atrea connect to the 2 ventricles across the heart
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anastomose
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where 2 structures come together and then split and this is an alternate route to send some blood to another tissue
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Miolnfarction-MI
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heart attack-heart tissue dies and artert becomes blocked. Infarct-dead tissue
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interatrial septum
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separates the tissue between 2 atrium
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interventricular septum
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separates the tissue between 2 ventricles
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division between atria and ventricles
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atrioventricular disc
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function of the AV disc
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1. separates atria and ventricles, fiberous structure
2. point of attachment 4"part muscle fibers" fiberous skeleton-AV disc 3. electrically isolates the atria from the ventricle |
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endocarium
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inner lining of that lines chambers of heart
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myocardium
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cardiac muscle cells
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epicardium-viscerial pericardium
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outer membrane epithelial surface
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functional syncitium
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all contract at the same time, functional unit. intercolated disc cause this
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myoglobin
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molecule inside the muscle cell that bonds to oxygen. stores oxygen
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diastole
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when the heart muscle is relaxed
atrial-when atrials are relaxed ventricular- when ventricles are relaxed |
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systole
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when heart muscles contract
atrial- when atrials contract ventricular-when ventricles contract |
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Preload flow
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atria and ventricles are both relaxed
fills up 7-% of ventricle gravity causes blood to flow into ventricle atria contracts which adds 30% to the amount in ventricle (atrial kick) |
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Frank starling law
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the amount that goes in equals to the amount that goes out. important with respect to cardia output
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SV-stroke volume
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how much blood that is pushed out of the heart per beat
80ml/beat |
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HR-Heart Rate
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number of heart beats per minute of time
70beat/min (50-80) |
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CO-Cardiac Output
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how much blood thats pushed out of the heart per minute of time
SVxHR=CO |
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Average total volume of blood
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5 liters
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afterload
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resistance to blood flow when you have blood left in the ventricle to where preload isnt as successful. this can cause damage to heart, hear attacks and resistance
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heart sounds
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s1-Lubb-when AV valves close (ventricles contract)
S2-dupp-when semilumnar valves close ventricular diastole (prevent backflow when ventricles relax) S3-turblant filling-not filling correctly blood flowing in a trublant fashion into ventricles cardiac heart failure S4-atrial backfilling into still ventricle-doesnt push blood out. can be caused by hypertension |
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heart murmer
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small amount og regurgnated blood, tricuspid or bicuspid isnt functioning properly. AV valves are malformed
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Chordae tendonea
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attached to bottom of valve
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Sino Atrial Node (SA node)
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a small group of cells that are hypoplarized. a small stimulus will create an action potiential that spreads throughout atrea. also called a pacemaker
70-80 beat/min |
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what happens when the wall of the right atrium stretches
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causes an action potiential
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AV Node
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back up pacemaker. 40-60 beat/min
when signal gets to AV node it stops breifly and it gives atria time to finish contacting to fill up ventricle |
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Bundle of His
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conducting fibers that carry action potientials from AV node to Apex of heart
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Purkinje fibers
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spread the action potienttial thorughout the ventricles. then the ventricles contract
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Bradycardia
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slow heart rate
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Tachycardia
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fast heart rate
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ECG-EKG
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electrocardiogram-measure of the electrical activity of the heart
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P wave
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atrial systole-atria muscle fibers are contracting
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QRS
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Ventricular systole-ventricles contracting, blood is moving out of ventricles into semilumnar valves
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T
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ventricular diastole- ventricles relax
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ANS
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sympathetic-norepinephrine
parasympathetic-ACH vagus nerve-cranial berve number 10 Elvis |
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Where are the cardiac control centers
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in the brainstem
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where is the cardioacceletatory center found
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in the medulla oblongata
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where is the cardioinhibitory center found
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medulla oblongata
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stress
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nor adrenaline, nor epinephrine, can cause heart rate to speed up
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Glucocorticoids
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supress immune system
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how can you fix chronic stress
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stress management, relaxation, aerobic exercise programs
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what happens during chronic stress
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reduced fratility, immune system, pathological behaviors
enlarged adrenal glands cause a deteriation of blood vessels in heart, kidneys and liver liver- has to clean everything overtime kidneys-filteration overtime |
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vascular
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system of tubes the blood flows though, the blood proteins, RBC and platelets should stau in these tubes
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Tunica (intima) interna
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adjecent to the blood inside the vessel, simple squamous epithelium
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tunica media
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elastic fibers, Smooth Muscle, irregular dense connective tissue
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tunica (adventitia) externa
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outer layer, simple squamous epithelial tissue
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smooth muscle
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gives you the ability to control the diameter of blood vessels
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parasympathetic
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activates blood flow to abdonimal cavities, controls by changing diameter
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arteriole
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smallest artery
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precapillary sphinctor
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circular muscle that can close off capillary beds
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venous capillary
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blood has to fold to get through wall made up of a single layer of squamous cells
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venule
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smallest vein
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vein valves
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helps to prevent backflow
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blood movement
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blood moves from high to low pressure
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atrial contraction
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diffusion-heart muscle squeezes blood to put pressure on it
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atrial pulse flow
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everytime the heart beats it puts out an amount of blood. less osomotoc pressure
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venous contraction
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skeletal muscle contraction which puts pressure on the vein and causes blood to flow to heart
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venous steady flow
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what goes out must go in
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venous respiratory pump
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moving air inside the chest cavity for having low pressure, ribcage raises diaphragm drops
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venous gravity
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12-16ml of mercury-if blood is going to your feet then it has to overcome gravity so it has more osomotic pressure
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constant viscosity
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speed at which liquid flows
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constant turblance
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anything that impedes the blood flow, increased pressure
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change-vascular
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due to vaso constriction/dialation if you constrict the vein to a smaller diameter then that increases pressure. if you dialate it then it decreases pressure
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average of systolc and diastolic pressure
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120/80
range (100-130 (140))/60-90 |
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pulse pressure
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the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
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finestrae
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holes in the capillary wall so that small platelets proteins and RBC cant pass
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blood pressure
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capillary blood pressyre, pushes water and other small particles through the finestrae and then goes to intersitial sluid
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water soluble
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pass through 2 cell membranes to get through capillary bed, diffusion occurs
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Lipid soluble
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diffuse straight through cell membrane
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Oxygen and CO2
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diffuse easily through cell membrane
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osomotic pressure
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albumins, higher pressure of water outside, so it goes in and sends water to cells
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edema
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extra fluid in the innersitial spaces
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venous pressure
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osomotic pressure is greater than blood pressure
10mm of Hg to overcome gravity |
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what happens when blood pressure is equal
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water isnt moving in or out
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laying vs. standing
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once you fall your body levels and gravity isnt a factor
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exercise
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puts a contraction factor on your veins to go to heart so there is constant blood flow
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sounds of korotokoff
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sounds you listen for measuring the air pressure inside the cuff
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sphygmomanometer
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cuff on a blood pressure machine fill to about 180 wheen you hear the whisp is when the blood pressure is greater than the aur pressure in the cuff
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what does cardio vascular regulation have to do
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1. go to the place at the right time
2. go to the right place 3. doesnt effect blood flow to vital organs |
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what can affect blood flow
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1. loacl factors-whether you have precapillary sphencitor, deals with blood clotting tissue damage loacl hormones-prostoglandins
2.neural factors ANS-find in the brain stem 3. Endocrine system- aldostrone, renin, adrenaline, norepinephrine, ANP, ACH |
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short term
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cardiac output peripheral resistance-maintains blood pressure
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longterm
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work together to maintain blood volume
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vasodilators
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diameter of vessel gets bigger
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vasoconstrictors
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decreases volume
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barroreceptors
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respond to stretch and are in the walls of ------ organs
caroted sinus aortic sinuses atrial receptors |
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chemoreceptors
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respond to changes in pH, Co2, O2 concentration in blood of cerebral spinal fluid
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Light exercise
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vasodilation increased blood flow to muscle venous return increases, breathing more respiratory pump, cardiac output increases
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heaver exercise
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releases adrenaline, increase in cardiac output flow is restricted to nonessential organs. atrial blood pressure increases, supply of blood to brain wouldnt be affected
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regular exercise
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athletes-larger hearts, loarger stroke volume
cholestrol reduces, blood pressure is lowered. plaque-slower plaque formation MI's-reduced heart attack by 50% healthy diet, exercise, nonsmoker and weight control all helps |
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autonomic nervous system
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efferent uses neurotransmitters to control sympatheitc and parasympathetic
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hemorrhaging
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failure of the local hemostasis vessel walls are really damaged
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what happens when hemorrhaging occurs
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1st maintains blood pressure through vaso constrivion maintain peripheral blood flow
2nd blood volume back up |
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venous reserve
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slow moving blood 20%-works for this much blood loss 1 liter of blood and body can recover
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lots of blood loss
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to restore blood volume, heart rate increases 180-200 beats/min hormones-ADH, renin, aldostrone and ANP
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circle of willis
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the most important astamose to supply blood to brain
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hepatic portal system
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capillary bed in liver. takes rich blood to liver so liver can clean it
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hepatic portal ven around capillaries
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absorbs nutrients in digestive tract that feeds into hepatic portal vein then to sinusoids
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sinusoids
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cells in live, more efficient exchange system, has in complete lining direct contact so that cells have to go through one membrane
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liver
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detocify stuff in blood
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hepatocyte
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liver cell that detoxifys blood
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blood brain barrier
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less efficient way of exchange
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albumin
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helps regulate pH of body
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what happens when the baby is born
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foramen ovale closes and becomes fossa ovale
ductus arteriosis closes and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum ductus venosus becomes the belly button |
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matrix
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the most common repeated unit
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lymphatic system
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slow, made of lymphatic components lymphatic and immune system put together
1. to return excess interstitial fluid to the venous system 2. production and maintance and distribution of lymphocyes 3. distributes hormones 3.6 liters/day lymph |
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lymph
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fluid connective tissue, cmes from the fluid in intersitiial spaces from blood, filters lymph once it goes into lymphatics-creates lymph
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lymphatics
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name given to lymph vessels
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Thoracic collecting duct
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dumps into left subclavian vein
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right lymphetic duct
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dumps into right subclavian vein
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skeletal muscles contract to help to
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move blood, respiratory pump, gravity, pressure, also valves to help it not move backwards
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lymphedema
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excess fluid build-up due to a blocked lymphatic
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nodules
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lymphatic tissue that is intregrated into the lining of mucus membranes, first line of defense from things outside to insude, very dispersed tissue
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tonsils
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pharyngeal-loacted in pharynx also called adnoids (2)
palatine-located on soft palate, behind hard palate (2) lingual-on the tongue, back of tongue (1) |
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lymphoid organs
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surrounded by a sheet of tissue dense irregular connective tissue which forms a capsule
node, thymus, spleen |
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Nodes
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cervical-cervial region of neck
axillary-armpit cubital-middle of arm mammary-breast lumbar-bottom of vertebrae pelvic-pelvic region inguinal-where leg connects with pelvis popliteal-back of knee |
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cancer
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abnormal growth in cells and dont stop going through mitosis, your body isnt recognizing as abnormal so your body doesnt kill them, if the cells break off into the lymph then they will lodge in a lymph node and keep growing
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thymus
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at puberty largest size is going to be. lymppcytes actively divide to become T-cells
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Thymosins
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tells immature lymphocytes to become T-cells
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spleen
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left upper quadrant behind stomach, stores blood
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blood function of spleen
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filters blood, phagocytize
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spleen capsule
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surrounded by a capsule and is extremely fragile, a concussion injury can cause it to rupture which cant make a clot so they bleed internally
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