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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the normal pH of blood?
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It can vary between 7.35 and 7.45
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How does blood play a part in pH regulation?
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Blood is able to maintain normal pH by appropriate adjustment and exchange of acids bases and hydrogen ions. This is also done by the proper management of CO2 distribution and exchange.
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What is the composition of blood plasma?
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It is composed of water, RBCs, WBC, platelets, nutrients, waste products, hormones, gases, and a variety of proteins.
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Which blood protein is a major factor in maintenance of osmotic pressure?
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This is Albumin. This is the major protein in blood.
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Can albumin as well, play a role in the buffering process?
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Yes. In fact, the side chains of its amino acids are able to bind and release ions, such as hydrogen.
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Blood plasma is approximately 85-90% water. True/false
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True.
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What exactly is hemoglobin?
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Hemoglobin is a pigment capable of binding O2 and delivering it to peripheral tissues.
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When hemoglobin is returning from peripheral tissues, approximately how much CO2 is it carrying?
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About 20%
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Is there an explainable reason why RBCs do not have mitochondria?
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If RBCs had these organelles, they may have less O2 to deliver to tissues, due to the cells need of the oxygen itself.
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What might a RBC depend on for energy considering its lack of mitochondria?
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The process of glycolysis.
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Differentiate between a hemocytoblast and a hematopoietic stem cell.
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These terms are generally used interchangeably.
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What is erythropoietin?
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This is a renal hormone which is produced in response to decreased titers of RBCs.
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Does a RBC contain ribosomes?
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Yes. Ribosomes are employed for the production of hemoglobin.
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Reticulocytes normally make up about 1-2% of RBCs. True/False
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True. These immature RBCs, also known as reticulocytes, may be found in higher numbers in severe cases of anemia.
This is usually measured via a reticulocyte count. |
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Approximatrely how many RBCs are found in a microliter(ul) of blood?
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About 5-6 million.
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What effect might an overproduction of RBCs physically have on the blood itself?
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This may increase blood viscosity(ability to flow). Clotting, emboli, thrombi and heart failure can result.
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if iron is required to make heme, can it be inferred that the more the better?
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No. Iron can be quite toxic at elevated levels.
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What happens to RBCs as they age and start to become less efficient?
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They become trapped in the spleen, within the splenic capillaries. here they are destroyed by macrophages.
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When the heme molecule is broken down, a good portion of it will be converted into_________________.
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Bilirubin.
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As bilirubin is released into the blood it will bind to what?
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It will bind to albumin. At this point, it is transported to the liver where it is released or secreted into the intestine as bile.
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What is a normal consequence from the over production of bilirubin.
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Jaundice is noted in tissues. There is a yellowing of the skin and within the sclera of the eyes.
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In the intestine, bilirubin is usually converted into what?
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Urobilinogen. This in turn is converted into stercobilin. This pigment tends to give feces its color. Some stercobilin will be reabsorbed.
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What gives urine its color?
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The reabsorbed urobilinogen is converted to urobilin in the kidney. This imparts the yellowish-golden color to urine.
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What are the three types of granulocytes?
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Basophils
Eosinophils Neutrophils |
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Lymphocytes and monocytes are considered what type of WBC?
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Agranulocytes. Approximately 20-25% of all leukocytes are agranulocytes.
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How many basophils might be found in a microliter of blood?
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About 35-45.
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How many eosinophils are found in a microliter of blood?
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About 250.
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There are roughly 2,000 lymphocytes in a microliter of blood. True/False
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True. The majority however, are likely to be found in the lymph, rather than in the blood.
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Histamine is released from which WBC?
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Basophils.
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What type of lymphocyte will produce antibodies?
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B lymphocytes. B cells- plasma cells-antibodies.
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How might a monocyte be described?
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They are very large. Their nucleus is U shaped. They have no granules in their cytoplasm.
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Define neutrophilia.
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It is an abnormally high number of neutrophils.
Leukopaenia- abnormally low WBC count Eosinophilia- abnormally high eosinophil count. |
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This disease process refers to a cancer of the blood in which an abnormal WBC does not fully differentiate. It begins to divide without limits. What is the name of this disease?
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Leukemia. This condition will repress the efficiency and functionality of other blood cells. Untreated, it is fatal.
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There are about 100,000 platelets in one microliter of blood. True/false
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False. There are about 250-250,000.
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What is a megakaryocyte?
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These are large cells that produce or form platelets.
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Does the formation of megakaryocytes involve cytokinesis?
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No.The formation of these cells involves a repeated mitotic process of megakaryoblasts without cytokinesis.
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Platelets that encounter collagen will tend to release this substance. what is it?
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ADP
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What is the function of serotonin in platelet activity?
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Serotonin activates vasoconstriction.
The substance thromboxane A2 usually assists in both of the above processes. |
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What is the function of prostacyclin with regards to platelet activity?
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Prostacyclins tend to inhibit plug formation.
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The normal blood clotting process has how many major clotting factors?
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13. With exception to factor 111 and 1V(calcium).
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What is a procoagulant?
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It is a clotting factor. Vitamin K is manufactured in the gut by some residential bacteria. Vitamin K is required for the production of some clotting factors.
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What are the important end steps in the blood clotting mechanism?
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The formation of prothrombin activator
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Formation of a fibrin mesh(fibrin protein) |
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What is meant by the intrinsic pathway?
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This pathway is activated by the interactions between procoagulants and the platelets.
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What is meant by the extrinsic pathway?
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This pathway is triggered by tissue thromboplastin which is released by cells at the site of trauma or injury.
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The intrinsic pathway activates the blood clotting mechanism more quickly because it has fewer steps with respect to the extrinsic. True/False
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False. Should be extrinsic;intrinsic
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Define the clot retraction mechanism.
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After the fibrin is formed, platelets exert a pulling force on the mesh, for the purpose of squeezing the serum out of the existing clot.
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What is the function of plasminogen?
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This substance forms plasmin. Plasmin can dissolve unneeded clots in a process termed fibrinolysis.
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What is usually necessary to incite a thromboembolytic process?
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The changing or disparity of vessel endothelium, due to trauma or plaque. Whenever blood flow is impaired, this should always be a concern.
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When is a transfusion of packed erythrocytes usually employed?
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This is more common when the patient is considered anemic, but blood volume is noemal.
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What are the ABO blood groups based on?
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They are based on the presence of absence of two types of sugar antigens on the RBC' surface.
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Does everyone carry an Rh factor?
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About 85%/
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Differentiate between an agglutinin and an antibody.
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They are the same thing.
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Define hematocrit.
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This is the percentage of erythrocytes by volume.
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What is meant by the hemoglobin number?
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This is another form of measurement for RBCs. It is actually the weight of all the hemoglobin molecules taken from a sample.
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What is considered a normal hemoglobin number?
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It is about 12-15 grams measured in 100cc of blood.
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