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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two main components of blood, and what are the three divisions of 1 of them?
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Plasma
Formed elements - erythrocytes, leukocytes, plateletes |
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What are the two type leukocytes?
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Granulocytes and agranulocytes
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What is hematocrit? what 3 main components does it have?
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Blood centrifuged in presence of anti-coagulant. Erythrocytes, a buffy coat (leukocytes), thin layer of platelets overlying buffy coat, plasma
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In hematocrit, what is the percentage of erythrocytes?
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35-50%
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What is considered to be the ecm of blood?
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plasma
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What are the 4 components of plasma?
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Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen,
salts (amino acids, hormones, vitamins) |
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What is the function of:
1- albumin 2- gamma-globulins & alpha and beta globulins 3- fibrinogen |
1- regulates osmotic pressure and transports hydrophobic molecules
2- gamma-globulins are antibodies, alpha nd beta globulins are carriers of fat, steroids, hydrophobic drugs 3- involved with clotting |
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What ode Wright Gemsa stain work on?
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Blood
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What do erythrocytes do, what is their shape, and size?
What is the pale spot in the center called? |
Transport CO2 and O2
biconcave disc 8 microns central pallor |
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What is the bi-concave shape maintained by? what organelles do RBC lack?
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cytoskeleton
nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other organelles |
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What protein is predominant in RBCs and what enzymes, what is it called when RBC stack on each other?
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Hemoglobin, and glycolytic enzymes
Rouleaux |
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What is the sedimentation test?
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How long it takes for blood to settle, will occur faster in rouleaux
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Where are RBCs developed, how long do they survive, and where are they degraded?
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In bone marrow
120 days macrophages in spleen, bone marrow, and liver |
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What is Anisocytosis? Macrocytosis, microcytosis?
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Cells of variable sizes
Macrocytosis is large, microcytosis is small |
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What is Poikilocytosis, sickling, crenation?
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Poik- having variable shapes
sickling - sickle shaped Crenation - shrunken spiky appearance |
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What is it called when erythrocytes lyse inappropriately?
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hemolysis
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What is the second most common formed element in blood, and what is its function?
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Platelet
clotting |
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what is the lightly stained periphery of a platelet, and what is its function?
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Hylomere
a dense tubular system associated with actin and myosin filaments, and aids in mobility and platelet agregation |
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What is the bundle of microtubules that maintains platelet shape? What is the dense core of a platelet called?
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Marginal bundle
Granulomere |
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What are the three types of granules in a platelet, and what do they contain?
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Alpha granules - fibinogen and platelet-derived growth factor, main azurophilic granule that forms the granulomere
Delta granules - contain Ca+, pyrophosphate, ADP, ATP, Serotonin Lambda- lysosomal enzymes |
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What are non-major granules/organelles in platelets?
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Glycogen granules, peroxisomes (w/ catalase), mitochondria, ribosome, golgi, enzymes for aerobic and anaerobic respiration
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What do the ATP and AMP in delta granules act as?
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Signalling molecules
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What are invaginations in the unit membrane that serve as channels for the release of platelet molecules? what is this similar to?
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Open canalicular system
T-tubules in muscle |
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What is the cell coat of platelets composed of?
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glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins
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Where do platelets develop and what is their life span?
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Megakaryocytes in bone marrow, life span of 10 days
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What is forward scatter and side scatter in flow cytometry? from top to bottom what order do monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes go?
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Forward- cell size
Side - complexity of contents gran->Mono->Lymph |
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What are the two types of leukocytes, and the more specific cells in each one?
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1- granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
2- Agranulocytes - T and B Lymphocytes, monocytes |
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What do neutrophils do? what are its 3 type of granules their contents and purpose?
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1- phagocytosis of bacteria and dead cells
2- Azurophilic granules (lysosomes), acid hydrolases, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, that kill bacteria 3- Specific Granules- more abundant, give foamy appearance, same enzymes as azuro, mediates complement activation and inflammation, contents released in cytosol/blood 4- Tertiary granules, insert glycoproteins into the cell membrane that mediate cell adhesion and aid phagocytosis |
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What conditions can neutrophil survive anaerobic or aerobic, and how are they adapted to succeed?
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survive both
have glycogen granules and few mitochondria so do well in oxygen poor conditions |
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How long do neutrophils live? What mechanism do they die by? What if they have ingested bacteria?
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6-7 hrs in circulation 1-4 days in connective tissue
typically apoptosis they will lyse (necrosis) and empty out their contens into the surrounding environment creating pus |
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What is the function of eosinophils?
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Mediate allergic reaction and defense against parasitic infections
- phagocytosis if small, large objects they will lyse and consume the parasite extracellularly - Limits destruction of mast cell and basophil degeneration by neutralizing histamine, inhibits vasoactivation, inhivts mast cell degeneration |
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What proteins makes granules eosinphilic in eosinophils? important for killing parasites as well
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Major basic protein
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What is the life span of eosinophils in bone marrow, circulation? elsewhere?
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bone marrow - days
circulation hours tissues uncertain |
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What is the least abundant granulocyte?
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Basophil
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What is the function of basophils?
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allergic/inflammation reactions, mediates anaphylactic reactions
Degranulates in response to allergens |
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What do basophil granules contain, and what is the lifespan of them?
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heparin, histamin, chondroitin sulfate, leukotriene-3
can be long lived |
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What is the function of B&T lymphocytes
What type of granules will it have a few of? What is its turnover? |
Mediates immune reactions, B-lymphocytes are precursors to tissue plasma cells
- azurophilic granules - days to years |
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What is the function of monocytes, and the turnover?
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gives rise to tissue macrophages, respnds chemotactically to tissue necrosis, infection and inflammation
variable |
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Basic morphology of monocytes?
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azurophilic granules, maybe vacuoles from phagocytosis,
mb microvilli, spseudopodia and pinocytotic vesicles |
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What is diapedis?
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Leukocyte rolls along endothelial lining of blood vessels, cell problems cause the leukocytes to adhere, and they enter the tissue
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What is typical:
1: RBC count male female 2: WBC: 3: hematocrit male female 4: Hemoglobin: male female |
1: M-4.7 to 6.1 million cells/mcL F- 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL
2: 4500-10000 cells/mcL 3: M: 40.7-50.3% F: 36.1 - 44.3% 4: M: 13.8- 17.2 gm/dL F: 12.1 - 15.1 gm/DL |
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What is normal for:
1: MCV 2: MCH 3: MCHC |
1: 80-95 femtoliter
2: 27-31 pg/cell 3: MCHC: 32 -36 gm/dL |
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What is the leukocyte differential:
1: Neutrophils 2: Lymphocytes 3: Monocytes 4: Eosinophils 5: Basophils 6: Band |
1:40-60%
2: 20-40% 3: 2-8% 4: 1-4% 5: 0.5 to 1% 6: 0-3% |
