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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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monocytes circulate for approx 8 hours then do what |
move into tissues and differentiate into macrophage |
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whats the difference between a macrophage and monocyte |
macrophage are 5-10x bigger and contain more organellesmac |
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an active macrophage has what inside it |
lots of lysosomes |
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what can macrophages recognise? |
pamps using pathogen recognition receptors |
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what are classically activated macrophages |
activated by ifn-y |
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what are alternativly activated macrophages |
by other cytokines like IL-4 IL-15 IL-10 |
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what are macrophages said to be |
heterogenous/ based on what they are doing and what cytokines they are producing |
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role of macrophages depend on what |
local conditions |
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phagocytosis is associated with what |
respiratory burst- superoxide |
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phagolysosone is exposed what |
enzymes that digest pathogens |
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where is myeloperoxidase found |
myeloperoxidase is only found where |
in neutrophils |
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cell killing in macrophages |
phagocytosis associated with respiratory burst- super oxide phagolysosomes exposed to enzymes digest pathogens signalling through stat1 promotes macrophage m1 polarisation thus cytotoxic and pro inflammatory functions signalling through STAT3 and STAT6 by IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10 promotes macrophage M2 polarisation and induces active tolerace and tissue repair response |
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what does phagocytosis |
both neutrophils and macrophages |
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what is chronic granulomatas disease (CGD) |
recessive x linked disease functional oxidase cant be produced fungal and bacterial infection shows the need for the ability to produce a respiratory burst |
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name some receptors present on macrophages |
Scavenger receptors Fc receptors GPCR chemokines receptors cytokine receptors prr/ toll receptors |
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where must phagocytes be to kill their target |
must be next to their target chemotaxis is important |
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what do macrophages form when going through phagocytosis |
pseudopodia and enclose target in a phagosome |
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what makes the rate of phagocytosis quicker |
>4000 times quicker if the target is opsonised |
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what can macrophages fuse to form |
foreign body giant fells or organised structures with other cells |
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what can antibodies do to macrophages |
activate the cell and deactivate it
examples: activating human-FcyRI deactivating-FcyRIIB |
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when does respiratory burst occur |
in phagocytosis |
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what does respiratory burst requires |
respiratory burst oxidase- NADPH oxidase- membrane bound |
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respiratory burst is made up of what subunits |
gp91 and p22 subunits which form cytochrome b558 |
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what happens when the phagocyte becomes activated for respiratory burst |
cytosolic compounds and cytochome b558 assemble in cytoplamsic membrane involves phosphorylation of cytoskeletal elements catalyses the production of super oxide |
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xanthine oxidase can also generate what |
superoxide |
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what does superoxide disnutsse do |
help take the superoxide away by changing it to hydrogen peroxide |
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phagosome fuses to lysosomes to do what |
form a phagolysosome exposing target to hydrolytic enzymes and mediators activate myeloperoxidase |
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what does myeloperoxidase cause formation of |
hypchorite from hydrogen peroxide and chloride ions |
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what happens in myeloperoxidase deficiency |
occurs in people it is asymptotic unless another condition is present this suggests other mechanisms can compensate - only in neutrophils |
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chlorination of targets do what |
inactivate proteins ( enzymes, membrane proteins) |
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waste from mactophages and neutrophils is what |
excreted by exocytosis |
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give an example of a oxygen dependent killing. and oxygen independently killing and why they are needed |
oxygen deoendent- reactive oxygen intermediates like superoxide anion reactive nitrogen independent nitric oxide oxygen independent-defensin somethin might have no oxygen so need to use oxygen independent killing |
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