Block 6 Neuro Part 1

Front 1

what percentage of people aged 95 will have a) NFTs and b) amyloid plaques?

Back 1

a)100%, b)85%

Front 2

apart from ALS, name three types of motor neuron disease

Back 2

progressive muscular atrophy, primary lateral sclerosis, progressive bulbar palsy

Front 3

name three anti-apoptotic therapies for MND

Back 3

caspase inhibitors, COX2 inhibitors, growth factors

Front 4

which human prion diseases are infectious?

Back 4

Kuru, iatrogenic CJD, variant CJD

Front 5

apart from AD, name two causes of late onset dementia

Back 5

vascular, dementia with lewy bodies

Front 6

list some risk factors for AD

Back 6

age, Down's Syndrome, family history, severe head injury, vascular risk factors

Front 7

name the three variants of frontotemporal dementia

Back 7

behavioural, progressive non-fluent aphasia, semantic dementia

Front 8

list three protective factors for AD

Back 8

high education, NSAIDs, alcohol

Front 9

name the six masses of grey matter that comprise the basal ganglia

Back 9

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamus, substantia nigra, pedunculopontine nucleus

Front 10

which two structures have projections to the striatum?

Back 10

cortex, substantia nigra pars compacta

Front 11

what are the connections of the substantia nigra pars compacta?

Back 11

input from cortex, output to caudate & putamen

Front 12

what are the major clinical features of parkinson's disease?

Back 12

rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, resting tremor (absent in up to 25%)

Front 13

what movement disorders are associated with tricyclic antidepressants?

Back 13

hand tremor, myoclonic jerks

Front 14

what movement disorders are associated with SSRIs?

Back 14

mild parkinsonian symptoms, dystonia, dyskinesia, akathisia

Front 15

what are the common lesion sites in MS?

Back 15

periventricular regions, optic nerve, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord

Front 16

what are the changes to the lens during accommodation?

Back 16

ciliary muscles tighten, allowing the pliable crystalline lens to become more rounded

Front 17

what are the four subcortical regions the retina projects to?

Back 17

lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectum, superior colliculus, hypothalamus

Front 18

what structures comprise the uveal tract?

Back 18

choroid, ciliary body, iris

Front 19

describe the size and location of the motor and sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve

Back 19

motor - small, medial; sensory - large, lateral

Front 20

where are the cell bodies of the sensory part of CNV located?

Back 20

semilunar (gasserian) ganglion, mesencephalic nucleus of V

Front 21

which two brainstem nuclei receive projections directly from the trigeminal nerve?

Back 21

chief sensory nucleus of V, spinal nucleus of V

Front 22

where does information from the mesencephalic nucleus go?

Back 22

motor nucleus of V, ventro-posterior nucleus of thalamus

Front 23

what are the two types of cerebral oedema?

Back 23

vasogenic, cytotoxic

Front 24

what occurs in congestive brain swelling?

Back 24

vasodilation of capillaries and venules, hypercapnia

Front 25

what are the symptoms and signs of raised ICP?

Back 25

diffuse headache - worse in morning and with straining/coughing, nausea/vomiting, sixth nerve palsy, papilloedema, coma, death

Front 26

how will reduced motility affect drug absorption?

Back 26

increase tmax, decrease Cmax

Front 27

list three factors that influence the distribution of a drug

Back 27

body weight and composition, protein binding, lipophilicity of drug

Front 28

what do the anterior and middle cerebral perforating arteries supply?

Back 28

basal forebrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, internal capsule, basal ganglia

Front 29

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

Back 29

midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, medial and inferior surfaces of occipital and temporal lobes

Front 30

what type of fibres are nociceptors associated with?

Back 30

unmyelinated (C or group IV), small myelinated (A-delta or group III)

Front 31

what are the four neurotransmitter systems within the brainstem reticular formation?

Back 31

serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline

Front 32

what are the common sites of atheroma in intracranial vessels?

Back 32

origin of MCA, ends of basilar artery

Front 33

what are the three ways for bacteria to enter the CNS?

Back 33

direct implantation, extension from a contiguous focus of infection, haemtogenous spread

Front 34

what is acute bacterial meningitis associated with in the CSF?

Back 34

numerous neutrophils, low glucose, high protein

Front 35

what will the CSF contain in acute viral meningitis?

Back 35

lymphocytes, normal glucose, protein may be raised

Front 36

which organisms are associated with chronic meningitis?

Back 36

tuberculosis, cryptococcus

Front 37

what are the microscopic features of encephalitis?

Back 37

perivascular lymphocytes, neuronophagia, glial nodules, viral inclusion bodies

Front 38

what are the four layers of an abscess?

Back 38

pus, macrophages, granulation tissue, astrocytes

Front 39

which antibiotics used to treat meningitis can achieve therapeutic levels in CSF with high IV doses?

Back 39

beta lactams (penicillin, 3rd gen cephalosporins, carbapenems); vancomycin

Front 40

name the four rigid septa formed by the dura

Back 40

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma selli

Front 41

which receptors are associated with touch and pressure?

Back 41

Meissner, Merkel

Front 42

what type of fibres transmit information about pain?

Back 42

C (IV); Adelta (III)

Front 43

what type of fibres are associated with proprioception?

Back 43

Ia, Ib, II (Abeta)

Front 44

what type of receptors are associated with proprioception?

Back 44

muscle spindles, joint receptors, golgi tendon organs

Front 45

what are the two sub-tracts of the spinothalamic tract?

Back 45

neospinothalamic, paleospinothalamic

Front 46

which fibres are associated with proprioception?

Back 46

Ia, Ib, II

Front 47

which reflexes contribute to muscle tone?

Back 47

stretch reflex, gamma reflex loop

Front 48

what are the features of a lower motor neuron lesion?

Back 48

flaccid paralysis, areflexia, fasciculations, atrophy, loss of bladder function

Front 49

what are the features of an upper motor neuron lesion?

Back 49

paralysis (loss of skilled movement), spasticity, hyperreflexia, no control of bladder

Front 50

what structures are derived from the telencephalon?

Back 50

cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, olfactory bulb

Front 51

what structures are derived from the diencephalon?

Back 51

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, retina

Front 52

what are the 3 vesicles of the neural tube in its 3 vesicle stage?

Back 52

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

Front 53

where is CSF found?

Back 53

ventricles, subarachnoid space

Front 54

what are the two layers of dura?

Back 54

periosteal layer, meningeal layer