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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Superficial M of the back?
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Trapezius
Deltoid Latissmus Dorsi |
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What are the Deep M of the back?
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Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid +, - Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres -, + Subscapularis |
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What are the muscles of the Rotator Cuff?
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Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus Teres - Subscapularis |
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What are the Intrinsic M of back?I Like Standing
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Erector Spinae--
Iliocostalis Longissmus Spinalis Transverso-spinalis Semispinalis Capitis Splenius Capitis |
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How many vertebrae are there?
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33
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How many spinal nerves are there?
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31
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How many Cervical vertebrae are there?
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7
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
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12
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
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5
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How many sacral vertebrae are there?
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5
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How many Coccygeal vertebrae are there?
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2-4
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What is the primary curvature?
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Thoracic-Saccral
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What is the secondary curvature?
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Cervical-Lumbar
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What is the name of abnormal thoracolumbar curvature?
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Scoliosis
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What is the name of abnormal thoracic curvature?
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Kyphosis
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What is the name of abnormal lumbar curvature?
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Lordosis
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What are the components of a typical vertebrae?
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Body
Pedicle Transverse Process Lamina Spinous Process Spinal(Vertebral) Canal Superior/Inferior Articular Process Zygapophyseal Joint |
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What forms the vertebral arch?
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Lamina & Pedicle
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What forms the intervertebral foramen?
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Inferior / Superior Vertebral Notch
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What is the name of C1 vert? What are the components?
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Atlas
Ant/Post Arch Transverse Process Sup Articular Facet Atlanto-Occipital jnts No body, spinous process |
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What is the name of C2 vert?
What are the components? |
Axis
Body Transverse process Spinous Process Sup Articular Facet Lateral Atlanto-Axial Jnt Dens(odontoid process) |
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What is in b/w vert.? What is it composed of?
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IV Disk
Annulus Fibrosus surrounding Nucleus Pulposus |
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What are the ligaments surrounding vert.?
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Anterior Longitudinal Lig
Posterior Longitudinal Lig Ligament Flavum Interspinous ligament Supraspinous Lig |
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Where does the Spinal cord end? What is it called?
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L2 --Adults
L3-- Children Conus Medullaris |
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Where does dural sac end?
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S2
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Where does Cauda Equina start?
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L2
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How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nerves are there?
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C-8
T-12 L-5 S-5 C-1-2 |
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What root does motoneuron leave?
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Ventral root thru Ant Primary Ramus
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What root does skin receptors enter?
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Dorsal root ganglion
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Name the layers of vertebrae to SC?
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Bone of Vert
Epidural Space Dura Matter Subdural Space Arachnoid Mater Subarachnoid space (CSF) Pia Mater Spinal Cord |
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Which cervical disk herniation is more common?
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C5-C6, C6-C7
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Which lumbar disk herniation is more common?
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L4-L5, L5-Sacrum
May press on 1-2 roots below |
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What area of leg does L5 innervate?
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Lateral side of leg, ventral side of foot
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What area of leg does S1 innervate?
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Medial portion of back of leg to lateral foot
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What area of leg does S2-L1 innervate?
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most medial part of leg
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What bone of upper limb is most commonly fractured?
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Clavicle
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Name the proximal carpal bones. (Lat to medial)
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Scaphoid
Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform |
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Name the distal carpal bones. (Lat to medial)
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Trapezium
Trapezoid Capitate Hamate |
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Where does lymph of fingers drain?
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into plexus of dorsum and palmer of hand
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What is the path of medial group of lymph vessels?
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accompany basilic v. thru cubital & ascend into lateral axillary lymph nodes to central then apical
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What is the path of lateral lymph vessels?
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accomp. cephalic v and drain into lateral axillary nodes and deltopectoral then apical
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What does central lymph receive?
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lateral, pectoral, post. nodes and drain into apical
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What lymph does lateral brachial node?
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upper limb and drain into central
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What lymph does subscapular post nodes receive?
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post thoracic wall and post aspect of shoulder and drain into central nodes
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What does pectoral anterior nodes receive?
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anterior & lateral thoracic walls including breast---central
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What does apicalnodes receive?
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all nodes and drain into subclavian
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Cords are named by the position of the ----
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Axillary Artery
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What is the nerve supply and action of the trapezius?
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N--Accessory N(CN11), branches of 3rd -4th cerical n
A--raises scapula, retraction of scapula, depression of scapula, rotation of scap so glenoid fossa is raised. |
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What is the nerve supply and action of the latissmus dorsi?
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N--thoracodorsal
A--adducts & medially rotates humerus. Extends shoulder from flexed position |
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What is the nerve supply levator scapulae? Is muscle sf or deep?
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N--branches of 3-4cervical & dorsal scapula n.
Deep |
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What is the nerve supply and action of the Rhomboid +, -?
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N: dorsal scapular n.
A: w/ levator scap they act to elevate & rotate the scapula so that the glenoid fossa faces dwnwd |
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What is the intrinsic muscles of scapula?
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Scapulohumeral m
deltoid teres mjr |
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What is the nerve supply and action of the deltoid?
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N: axillary n
A:1. ant fibres medial rotate & flex humerus 2. Lateral fibres abduct humerus 3. Post fibres lateral rotate and extend humerus |
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What is the nerve supply and action of the teres mjr?
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N: lower subscapular n
A: adducts and medial rotation and possibly ext of humerus |
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What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
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Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis Assoc w/ capsule of the shoulder jnt F: hold the head of humerus in the glenoid fossa |
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What is the nerve supply and action of the supraspinatus?
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N:suprascapular n
A: aids the deltoid in abducting the humerus, it is thought to initiate this action |
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What is the nerve supply and action of the infraspinatus?
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N: suprascapular n
A:lateral rotation of humerus |
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What is the nerve supply and action of the teres minor?
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N: axillary n
A: lateral rotation of humerus |
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Which of the SITS muscle does not rotate humerus?
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Supraspinatus
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What is the nerve supply and action of the pectoralis major?
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N: Medial & Lateral Pectoral N
A:1. adduction & med rotation of humerus-both heads contract 2. flexion of th shoulder jnt-clavicular head 3. extension of the shoulder jnt from flexed position--sternocostal fibres 4. accessory muscle of respiration |
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What is the nerve supply and action of the pectoralis minor?
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N: Medial pectoral n
A: 1. draws the scapula dnwd & fwd directing glenoid fossa dwn 2. accessory m of respiration |
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What is the nerve supply and action of the serratus ant?
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N: Long thoracic n
A:1. this muscle is important in protraction of scapula--punching mvmt 2. laterally rotates scapula, direct glenoid fossa upwd |
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What muscle is used for reaching to touch an obj?
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pectoralis minor
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What are the boundaries of axilla?
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Ant: Pectoralis +, -
Post: Latissimus dorsi, Teres +, Subscap, Scapula Medial: Upper 5 ribs Serratus Ant. Axillary sheath: axillary v, a, brachial plexus cords |
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What is the primary division of axillary a? secondary?
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Sup. thoracic artery
Thoracoacromial A, Lateral Thoracic A |
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What are the terminal branches of thoracoacromial?
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Clavicular
Pectoral Deltoid Acromial |
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What part of lat thoracic artery gives off branches, and what are they?
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3rd part
Subscapular Ant & Post Circumflex humeral A. |
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Where does Ant & Post circumflex anastomose?
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Surgical neck of humerus
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What composes the upper trunk, middle, lower in brachial plexus?
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U: C5-6
M:C7 L:C8-T1 |
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What innervates biceps & brachidist?
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Musculocutaneus
Biceps--supination |
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What supplies the anterior muscle mass of forearm?
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Median N
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What supplies Thenar m of thumb?
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Medial N
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Where is ERB's pt?
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In b/w supascapula & subclavius in upper trunk
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What are the effects ERB-Duchenne paralysis? palsy?
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proximal m C56 will be affected, muscocutaneus shut down--no flexion
Palsy-temporal Paralysis-permanent |
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ERB-Duchenne paralysis aka
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Waiters tip deformity, UT injury due to severe ext of the neck pulling UT be head and neck
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What is Klumke's paralysis?
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LT injury defects hand, Clawhand deformity
Occurs if fall on hand arm away from thorax |
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If patient has Klumpkes what else will they have?
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Horners Syndrome
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Abduction of shoulder is initiated by _____ then ____
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Supraspinatus--SubscapularisN
then Deltoid--Axillary N(from post cord) |
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Adduction of shoulder is done by ___ & ___
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Anterior Axillary-Pect Mjr
Posterior axillary-Lat & Teres minor |
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Where are the post & ant circumflex humeral & axillary n located?
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at surgical neck of humerus
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What is Hiltons law?
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a nerve which supplies a joint also supplies the overlying muscle & skin
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What is whiplash? What nerves are most commonly involved?
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Trunk goes fwd & head lags behind
N: C4-5 |
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What is spina bifida? How can it be prevented?
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failure of closure of the vertebral arch
Prevented: Folic Acid |
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What is the common disk herniation?
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Protrudes post-lateral, annulous fibrosus not reinforced by post long ligament
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Which ligament prevents hyperextension of vertebra?
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Ant Long ligament
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Which ligament prevents hyperflexion?
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Post Long LIgament
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Which ligament maintains upright posture?
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Ligementum Flavum
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Which ligament provides stability for spinal cord in the vertebral column?
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Dentricular ligaments
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What is the strongest muscle in the back?
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Errector Spinae--Spinalis, Illiocastalis, Longissmus
DRY LAB |
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What is CS about Vertebral Venous plexus?
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Dural sinuses of skull
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What is inflammed in rotator cuff injury?
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Supraspinatus tendon
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What muscle & nerve are innervated at first 15*?
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Supraspinatus by Subscapularis
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What muscle & nerve are innervated at 15*-90*?
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Deltoid by axillary nerve
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What muscle & nerve are innervated at 90* +?
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Serratus Ant by Long Thoracic N(C5-7)
C5, 6, 7 raise up arm to heaven |
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Where is clavicle most commonly fractured?
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Middle lat 1/3
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Glenohumeral jnt
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Musculocutaneus, Radial, Axillary
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Shoulder seperation--What jnt? How does it occur?
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Acromiclavicular jnt
Can occure w/ or w/o tearing of the coraco-clavicular lig |
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Shoulder displacement--what jnt?
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sternoclavicular jnt
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Shoulder dislocation--What jnt? How? Most common direction?
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Sternohumeral jnt
Athlete recvs a blow to arm when fully abducted MC: Inferiorly & Anteriorly |
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What are the common locations of humerus fx?
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Surgical neck--Axillary N
Midshaft--Radial N Supracondylar--Median N Medial epicondyle---Ulnar N |
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What is myotome?
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unilateral muscle mass rec'v innervation from the somatic motor fibers
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What is vasa nerorum?
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BV supplying the nerves
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Where does splachnic n synapse?
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Prevertebral ganglion & not paravert ganglionic side chain
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What is radial tuberosity?
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tendon attaches to the radius
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What is the primary supination muscle?
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biceps
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If there is a lesion in the UMN what will occur? Where is the problem?
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Exagerated reflex
brain or sc |
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If there is a lesion in the LMN what will occur
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no response/ areflexia/sluggish reflex
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What is blocked at the cubital fossa?
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Median Artery
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What vein is used to give IV injections? Where is it located?
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Median cubital vein
located in cubital fossa bw basilic & cephalic |
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What occurs in midshaft fx?
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loose mvmt of forearm muscle, cant mv wrist----Wrist drop
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What occurs with compression of radial n?
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action of flexion of forearm & wrist is lost
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What is Volkmans Ischemic contracture?
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brachial artery compression by fx of supracondylar
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What are the SF M of forearm?
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Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis ---Median N Palmaris Longus Flexor Carpi Ulnaris-Ulnar N Flxor digitorum SF |
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What is Duputeryn's contracture?
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continous flexion of fingers caused by palmar aponeurosis---CT disorder
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What is Alans test?
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detect collarteral circulation b/w radial ulnar artery in palm
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What does Flexor Digiterum SF become? Attached to?
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tendon of digits 2-5
Attached to Proximal Interphalangeal jnt |
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What is flexor digitorum profundus attached to? Supplied by?
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Distal phalange & flexion of DIP---supplied by Ulnar N (4thdigit)
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The dorsal interossei performs what action to___?
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Abducts the fingers
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The palmar interossei performs what action to___?
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Adducts the fingers
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What carpal bone can be dislocated anteriorly?
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Lunate
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What is snuff box? What bone in it would be fractured?
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Palmar side- extensor pollicus brevis
Abductor pollicus longus Scaphoid bone--fractured |
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What is arthritis?
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hyaline cartilage wears down and bone touched bone
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Limb buds or upper limb is made up of?
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Ectoderm from mesenchyme
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What fingers should be pricked for blood? Why?
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2, 3, 4
b/c has its own synovial sheath |
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Fx of midshaft/radial groove of humerus? N/A? clinical? Injury? Characteristic? Presentation?
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Radial N & Deep A of arm
C: Saturday Night Palsy Post cord injury Ch:loss of extensors P: wrist drop |
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Fx of supracondylar of humerus? N/A? clinical? Presentation?
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Median N & Brachial A
C: Ape Hand P: loss of pronation & opposition of thumb, lateral 2 lumbricals |
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Fx of medial epicondyle of humerus? N/A? clinical? Injury? Characteristic? Presentation?
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Ulnar N
C: Golfers elbow Lower trunk injury(birth of baby pulled out by arm) Ch: little & ring finger affected P:clawhand |
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Fx of lateral epicondyle of humerus? N/A? clinical?
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Radial N
Tennis Elbow |
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What is the most common fractured carpal bone?
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Scaphoid
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What is colles fracture?
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Fx of distal end of radius, dorsal tilt
looks like fork |
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What is MC nerve injury
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wkness in supination
lateral cut forearm sensation |
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What is in cubital fossa?
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Radial N
Brachial Tendon Brachial A Median N |
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If blood clots in leg it causes??
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Pulmonary embolism
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What is DVT?
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clot in the deep veins in the leg
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What is varicose ulcer?
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clot ruptures the vein and vein bleeds out
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What is stripping surgery?
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cutting off the entire great saphenous vein
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Femoral hernias are most common in___? Direction is __? Tx is?
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Females
Inf--Ant--Sup Reduction Hernia: push intestine down, back and up. |
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What is femoral hernia known for? What ligament is affected?
|
Strangulation of lacunar ligament when intestine presses against compressing it
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What is the blood supply for LL?
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L2-5, S1-3 known as lumbo-saccral plexus
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What is the primary flexor of hip joint? What is it innervated by?
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Ilio Psoas & Pectineus(synergist)
L2-3, Femoral N |
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What artery supplies the thigh?
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Profunda femorus
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What is the gluteus maximus innervated by?
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L5-S1, inf gluteal n
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What is the trendelenburgh test?
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the R side of Glut Med & Min is contracting the L side should lift up
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What muscles are important for walking? What N supplies them?
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Glut Med & Min
Sup Glut N |
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Where should injections be given in adult? What N is at risk for being injured? What CS will occur?
|
Superior Lateral area
Sup Gluteal N--pt not able to lift leg to walk |
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What muscle aids in Flexion of Hip and what is the root value?
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Ilio psoas
L2-3 |
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What muscle aids in Extension of Hip and what is the root value?
|
Glut Max
L5, S1 |
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Where do you give child injection in thigh?
|
Vastus lateralis
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What comes out of Grtr Sciatic foramen?
|
Pudenal N
Int Pudenal A Nerve to Obturator internus |
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What are rotator cuff muscles of Hip? What nerve innervates?
|
Obt internus
Sup gemulli--obturator int Inf gemulli--quad femoris Quad femoris |
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What is a Post dislocation of hip?
|
extremity shortened & medially rotated
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What is hip fracture?
|
extremity shortened and externally rotated
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What is intertrachantric fracture? What is neck fx?
|
Fx on intertrochantric line, most dangerous due to retinacular branches from medial circumflex
necrosis of head of femur retinacular branches compromised |
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What is subcapital fracure?
|
Occurs right under the head, DOES NOT involve retinacular branches only ligamentum teres b/w two arteries
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What is hip dislocation what ligament is affected?
|
Femur rotated medially
usually dislocated post by ischiofemoral lig |
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Ligaments: what hyper do they prevent?
|
Iliofemoral lig-hyerextension
pubofemoral lig-hyperabduction ischiofemoral lig--post dislocation |
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What is Trendenlenburg sign?
|
inability to abduct hip & pelvis sagging to one side
weddling gate Glut medius===sup gluteal n lesion same side muscle losing innervation but opposite hip will drop |
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What is in the posterior compartment of thigh?
|
3 hamstring m: saritonus, gracilis, semitendinosus
Imp for surgical repair of ACL Sciatic N |
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What is in medial compartment of thigh?
|
Adductor Magnus--Adductor(Obturator N) Magnus(sciatic(hamstring))
Damaged: lateral swinging |
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What is in anterior compartment of thigh?
|
Femoral N(flexion)
damage: impaired hip flexion, extension(quad femoris) Sartorius-adductor canal |
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What is in femoral triangle?(lat-medial)
|
Sartorius
Fem N, A, V Femoral Canal-lymph Lacunar lig Adductor longus |
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What is suprapatellar bursa?
|
water in the knee
connects popliteal bursa post. |
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What is housemaids knee?
|
prepatellar bursa
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What is clergymans knee?
|
superficial patellar bursa
|
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What is strolling muscle?
What is jumping muscle? |
Soleus-red fibers
Gastrocneumius |
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What syptoms occur when tibial n is injured?
|
Foot in the flexed position b/c ext of foot take over & keep foot flexed, pt walk on heels
Test: stand on tip of foot |
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What nerve innervates plantar flexion of foot?
|
S1
|
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What is tendo-calcaneous aka?
|
Achilles tendon
|
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What muscle of foot is prone to Dupertyrn's contracture?
|
Plantaris due to aponeurosis getting fibrosed
|
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What are the deep muscles in Post Compartment of foot? What nerve innervates them?
|
TIbialis Post
Flexor Digitorium-digits--Medial Flexor Hallicus--big toe--Medial |
|
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What causes osteomyletis?
|
Fracture of Tibia bone and bacteria infecting it.
|
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What nerve takes sensations of medial leg and foot?
|
Saphenous N
|
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What is in the Ant compartment of foot?
|
Tibialis Ant
Extensor Digitorium Extensor Hallucis >dorsiflxion |
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What is in lateral compartment of foot? Importance?
|
Peroneus Longus--arches of ft
Peroneus Brevis eversion & plantar flexion |
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What causes foot drop?
|
Common peroneal N injury in fibular neck
|
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What is Babinskis sign?
|
stroke mid of plantar and calcaneal an UMN lesion
|
|
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What are the 4 palpable arteries of LL?
|
Femoral A
Popliteal A Post Tibial Dorsal Pedis |
|
|
Vasoconstriction effects of LL
|
caused by smoking
not enough blood supply to ll, pt cant walk far b/c vasoconstriction--Raynalds phenomenon--intermittent claudication Most distal structures r affected-gangrene Tx: Lumbar sympathectomy--cut L2 symp & dwn |
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Ligaments: LCL
|
Fibular collateral
Look for vaRgus bowlegged |
|
|
Ligaments:
ACL |
AL--ACL Laterally
ACL:instability Ant drawer test |
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What is unhappy triad? What are effects?
|
Torn ACL, MCL, Medial Meniscus
|
|
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PCL
|
PM-PCL Medially
BBall player falls w/ knee flexed Post Drawer Test |
|
|
Lgaments:
MCL |
Tibial Collat---Medial Meniscus
Lateral blow to knee look for vaLgus (2L back to back) knock knee Meniscus injury-locking |
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What is drawer test?
|
test tibia mvmt w/ respect to the femur if femur is moving post tibia is mving ant===ACL torn
|
|
|
What is knee locking?
What is unlocking? |
quadriceps femoris
mdially rotates femur popliteus, lat rotates femur |
|
|
Reflexes: Patellar
Ankle jnt |
Patellar: L2-L4; conracts quads femoris
Ankle: S1-2, contracts triceps surae |
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What is Tarsal tunnel syndrome?
|
compression of post tibial n
|
|
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What is in the tarsal tunnel?
|
Tibialis post
Flxor Digitorium longus Post Tibial A Post TIbial N Flexor hallucis longus |
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Pt has flat foot what is affected?
|
Medial Longitudinal Arch, pes planus
|
|
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What ligament causes ankle sprain?
|
Lateral Lig
|
