Bisc208: Test 3

Front 1

nerve net

Back 1

found in cnidarians. simplest form of a nervous system. When one neuron is fired, all neurons fire--not energy sufficient

Front 2

The _____ of the neuron is the boundary separating the inside from the external charges

Back 2

plasma membrane

Front 3

The cells membrane is ______ because it regulates which molecules move from the external to the internal environment

Back 3

selectively permeable

Front 4

The three factors responsible for the resting membrane potential are ________, _______, and _______

Back 4

sodium potassium pump, ion specific gated channels, and negatively charged ions inside the cell

Front 5

sodium potassium pump transports.....

Back 5

3 Na out of the cell and 2 K in

Front 6

The ___ concentration of ions and the _____ potential influence the movement of ions across the membrane

Back 6

chemical, membrane

Front 7

_____ are a cluster of nerve cells that carry out a similar function

Back 7

nuclei

Front 8

What consists of multiple cell projections located in the PNS that transmit signals entering and leaving the CNS

Back 8

nerves

Front 9

An electrical synapse passes an electrical current from the:

Back 9

pre-synaptic to post-synaptic cell

Front 10

exposed areas of axons in the myelinated neurons containing many voltage gated Na channels are called:

Back 10

nodes of Ranvier

Front 11

______ occurs in myelinated axons when Na move into the cell and the charge moves quickly through the cytosol to the next node, continuing the _____ potential

Back 11

saltatory conduction, action

Front 12

What would trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential?

Back 12

The opening of Na channels and the closing of K channels

Front 13

A _______ can receive signals from synapses occurring on its dendrites or cell bodies

Back 13

neuron

Front 14

Dopamine and norepinephrine are examples of....

Back 14

Biogenic amines--catecholamines

Front 15

What describes the effect of an action potential and a graded potential on the membrane potential

Back 15

A graded potential is either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization but an action potential is always a depolarization. Also, action potentials are all or nothing and graded potentials vary based on the size of the stimulus

Front 16

_____ potentials are found on a particular area of the plasma membrane such as the dendrites

Back 16

Graded

Front 17

Organisms are able to respond rapidly to input from sensory neurons through a simple circuit called a _____

Back 17

reflex arc

Front 18

Why are interneurons important?

Back 18

The signals sent between interneurons are critical in the interpretation of information that the CNS receives as well as the response that it may elicit

Front 19

sensory neuron axons bypass the _____ _______ and go straight to the CNS

Back 19

cell body

Front 20

Why does the action potential not move backwards?

Back 20

Because the Na channels close and the K channels open

Front 21

Molecules that can alter the response of the post synaptic neuron to other neurotransmitters are called:

Back 21

neuromodulators

Front 22

Although all cells have a membrane potential, _____ and ______ are excitable cells

Back 22

Muscle cells and neurons

Front 23

less negative is to depolarization as more negative is to _________

Back 23

hyperpolarization

Front 24

The neuromuscular junction is the junction in the vertebrate where a neuron contacts _______ or ________ muscle

Back 24

skeletal or cardiac

Front 25

__________ potential is the response from an excitatory neurotransmitter depolarizing the postsynaptic membrane bringing the membrane potential closer to the threshold potential

Back 25

excitatory potsynaptic

Front 26

When an excitatory neurotransmitter ________ the postsynaptic membrane bringing the membrane potential closer to the _______ potential it is called an excitatory postsynaptic potential

Back 26

depolarizes, threshold

Front 27

What would trigger exocytosis of the neurotransmitter molecule?

Back 27

Movement of Ca into the cell and binds to the vesicles membrane protein

Front 28

EPSP

Back 28

Neurotransmitters depolarize the postsynaptic membrane bringing the membrane potential closer to the threshold potential that would trigger and action potential. This happens when Na channels open and K channels close

Front 29

IPSP

Back 29

inhibitory neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane which reduces the likelihood of an action potential. Opening of Cl- channels

Front 30

Spatial summation

Back 30

when two or more EPSPs are generated at one time along different regions of the dendrites and cell body, their depolarizations sum together

Front 31

Temporal summation

Back 31

when two or more EPSPs arrive at the same location in quick succession such that the first EPSP has not yet decayed away when the next EPSP arrives. This way, the depolarizations sum and may reach threshold

Front 32

Microglia

Back 32

Glia that removes cellular debris produced by damaged or dying cells

Front 33

_________ gates are strings of amino acids that come from the channel proteins into the cytosol

Back 33

inactivation

Front 34

Animals are....

Back 34

1. Multicellular
2. Heterotrophic eukaryotes
3. Lack cell walls
4. Usually have nerves, muscles, and capability to exert motion at some point
5. Reproduce sexually
6. Unique cell junctions
7. Cells exist in extensive extracellular matrix (cells binded for support & strength)

Front 35

Hox genes

Back 35

present in all animals and may be responsible for such diversity in animal evolution

Front 36

Monophyletic

Back 36

All organisms have evolved from one common ancestor
(colonial flagellated protist)

Front 37

Classification system of animals

Back 37

1. Presence or absence of different tissue types
2. type of body symmetry
3. presence or absence of true body cavity
4. specific feature of embryonic development

Front 38

Cephalization

Back 38

The localization of sensory structures at the anterior and of the body

Front 39

Gastrulation

Back 39

Acquiring of different layers of cells (germ layers) in the embryonic stages of development

Front 40

Coelomates vs. pseudocoelomates vs. acoelomates

Back 40

Coelomates-body cavity COMPLETELY lined with mesoderm
Pseudocoelomates-not completely lined with tissue from the mesoderm
Acoelomates-total lack of a fluid filled body cavity

Front 41

Difference in protosomes and deuterosomes

Back 41

1. cleavage pattern
2. fate of embryonic cells (determinate/intermediate)
3. fate of blastopore

Front 42

The ________ _______ is composed of fiber-like and adhesive proteins

Back 42

Extracellular matrix

Front 43

Adhesive proteins serve to....

Back 43

organize the protein and carbohydrate components of the extracellular matrix

Front 44

___________ are neurons located on the sensory hairs of an incets body

Back 44

chemoreceptors

Front 45

________ are balance organs in many aquatic invertebrates

Back 45

statocysts

Front 46

The ability to detect position, movement, and orientation of the body is called

Back 46

proprioception

Front 47

Acetylcholine

Back 47

Excites skeletal muscle junctions but inhibits cardiac muscle junctions.

Front 48

Biogenic Amines

Back 48

Include catecolamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine), serotonin, and histamine. Psychoactive--effect mood, attention, behavior, and learning.

Front 49

Amino acids

Back 49

Glutamate-excitatory
GABA-inhibitory

Front 50

Neuropeptides

Back 50

they can alter or modulate the response of the postsynaptic neuron to other neurotransmitters

Front 51

Gaseous Neurotransmitters

Back 51

NO and CO produced locally as needed. Short acting and diffuse into cells

Front 52

Ionotrophic receptors

Back 52

Ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to a neurotransmitter binding.

Front 53

Metabotrophic receptors

Back 53

G-protein-coupled receptors. Begins an intracellular signaling pathway that initiates changes in the postsynaptic cell

Front 54

Forebrain yields...

Back 54

Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the epithalamus

Front 55

Hindbrain yields....

Back 55

Pons, cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata

Front 56

Midbrain processes....

Back 56

sensory inputs like smell, vision, audition and coordinating eye movements

Front 57

Forebrain processes...

Back 57

motor initiation, conscious thought, planning, and emotion.

Front 58

Medulla oblongata

Back 58

coordinates basic reflexes and body functions like breathing, and maintains homeostasis.

Front 59

Cerebral cortex

Back 59

surface area covering the cerebrum. crucial in thought, learning, and motion

Front 60

Cell bodies of neurons that are involved in a similar function and grouped together in the CNS

Back 60

nucleus

Front 61

A group of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS

Back 61

ganglion

Front 62

Multiple myelinated axons running parallel in the CNS

Back 62

tract

Front 63

Bundles of myelinated axons in the PNS

Back 63

nerves

Front 64

Meninges

Back 64

Dura->(blood)->arachnoid->(cerebrospinal fluid)->Pia

Front 65

Cerebellum

Back 65

In the hindbrain. It is mainly responsible for balance and coordinated movement

Front 66

Pons

Back 66

In the hindbrain. Serve as a relay between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain and control the rate and depth of breathing

Front 67

Brainstem

Back 67

Comprises the medulla, pons, and midbrain and forms reticular formation which is involved in sleep and alertness

Front 68

Thalamus

Back 68

relays sensory information except for smell. Helps focus on important things while ignoring things in the background.

Front 69

Hypothalamus

Back 69

Produces hormones for the pituitary gland, controls homeostatic functions; feeding, drinking, sexual, and aggressive behaviors

Front 70

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

Back 70

Establishes circadian rhythms

Front 71

Epithalamus

Back 71

Produces cerebrospinal fluid, food and water intake, and seasonal behaviors.

Pineal glad--secretes melatonin

Front 72

Cerebrum consists of the ______, _________, and the ________

Back 72

basal nuclei, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

Front 73

Basal nuclei

Back 73

involved in planning, learning, and fine-tuning movements. Defects can lead to Parkinson disease

Front 74

Limbic System contains the _____, _______, and the ________

Back 74

Olfactory bulbs, amygdala, and the hippocampus

Front 75

Amygdala

Back 75

critical for remembering, recognizing, and understanding emotional situations.

Front 76

Hippocampus

Back 76

Establishes memories

Front 77

Frontal lobe

Back 77

Voluntary movement, decision/plan/judgement making, and conscious thought

Front 78

Parietal lobe

Back 78

Receives and interprets sensory input from visual and somatic pathways and helps with orientation

Front 79

Occipital lobe

Back 79

Controls visions and color recognition

Front 80

Temporal lobe

Back 80

necessary for language, hearing, face recognition, and some types of memory

Front 81

Astrocytes

Back 81

glia cells involved in forming the blood-brain barrier between blood vessels and most parts of the CNS

Front 82

Oligodendrocytes

Back 82

myelin-producing glial cells in the CNS

Front 83

Schwann cells

Back 83

glial cells that form myelin on axons that travel outside the brain and spinal cord (PNS)

Front 84

Plant Organs

Back 84

Stems

Front 85

Shoot System

Back 85

Stems and leaves

Front 86

Root System

Back 86

Roots

Front 87

Cotyledons

Back 87

Embryonic leaves produced by the hypocotyl. Nutrient rich.

Front 88

Radicle

Back 88

Embryonic root. First thing to emerge from a germinating seed

Front 89

Apical Meristems

Back 89

Regions at the root and shoot tips of a plant that contain undifferentiated cells that produce new tissues by cell division.

Front 90

Intermediate Growth

Back 90

Shoot apical meristems continuously produce new stem tissues and leaves grow as long as environmental conditions are favorable.

Front 91

Determinate Growth

Back 91

Growth of limited duration. Usually the growth pattern a flower/floral shoot follows.

Front 92

Annuals

Back 92

Plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life

Front 93

Biennials

Back 93

Plants that do not reproduce within the first year of life but may reproduce within the following year

Front 94

Perennials

Back 94

Trees--plants that live for more than 2 years

Front 95

Monocot Vs. Eudicot

Back 95

Monocot: one cotyledon

Front 96

Eudicot: two cotyledons

Back 96

flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5

Front 97

How do plants grow and develop?

Back 97

1) Development and maintenance of a characteristic architecture

Front 98

Two common plant features are what?

Back 98

Apical-basal polarity and radial symmetry

Front 99

Protoderm Meristem

Back 99

Produced by shoot apical meristem and generates the outmost dermal tissue

Front 100

Procambuim Meristem

Back 100

Produced by shoot apical meristem and produces vascular tissue

Front 101

Ground Meristem

Back 101

Produced by shoot apical meristem and gives rise to ground tissues

Front 102

The chemical influences on a plant are more important than the plants cell lineage

Back 102

True

Front 103

Parenchyma Cells

Back 103

Major component of the stem cortex. They store starch in plastids and therefore serve as organic reserves

Front 104

Leaf primordia

Back 104

Small bumps that form at the sides of a SAM and produce young leaves

Front 105

Palisade parenchyma

Back 105

Usually located on the adaxial side and consists of closely packed

Front 106

Spongy parenchyma

Back 106

Usually located on the abaxial side and contains rounder cells separated by air spaces so gases can flow freely.

Front 107

Mesophyll

Back 107

Spongy and palisade parenchyma

Front 108

Adventitious Roots

Back 108

Structures that are produced on the surfaces of stems and sometimes leaves.

Front 109

Because cellulose microfibrils do not extend lengthwise

Back 109

plant cell walls expand more easily in a direction _____________ to them

Front 110

Trichomes

Back 110

Spiky or hairlike projections made of leaf epidermal cells

Front 111

Herbaceous plants

Back 111

Only produce primary vascular tissue

Front 112

Woody plants

Back 112

Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissues

Front 113

Tracheids and vessel elements make up the ___________ and conduct ___________

Back 113

Primary xylem; water

Front 114

Sieve-tube elements

Back 114

Are arranged in pipelines and make up the phloem

Front 115

Secondary xylem

Back 115

Wood

Front 116

Secondary phloem

Back 116

Inner bark

Front 117

Complete bark

Back 117

Made up of inner bark (secondary phloem) and outer bark (cork)

Front 118

Two types of secondary meristems are ___________ and ___________

Back 118

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

Front 119

Rhizomes

Back 119

stems that grow horizontally underground

Front 120

Water potential of pure water = ?

Back 120

0

Front 121

Dissolved solutes would ______ water potential because?

Back 121

Decrease because of increased entropy

Front 122

Pressure potential

Back 122

Result of hydrostatic pressure of water and is based on the mechanical pressure one cell exerts on the plasma membrane of another cell

Front 123

As water level increases

Back 123

pressure potential _________

Front 124

Halophytes

Back 124

Formed in plants where water supply is limited--salt accumulates in special structures

Front 125

Osmotic adjustment

Back 125

Formed in plants where water supply is limited--increase solute concentration which decreases water potential inside the cell which ultimately keeps water in the cell

Front 126

Statoliths

Back 126

Starch heavy plastids that aid in gravity detection

Front 127

Aerenchyma

Back 127

Tissue containing large snorkel like airways that allow more oxygen to flow from shoots to the submerged roots. Reduce effects of flooding

Front 128

Symplast

Back 128

Continuum of cytosol linked by plasmodesmata

Front 129

Apoplast

Back 129

Continuum of water soaked cell walls and intracellular spaces

Front 130

Casparian Strips

Back 130

Ribbon like strips of wax and phenolic polymers that prevent apoplastic transport through endodermal cell walls

Front 131

An organisms phenotype depends on the _________ and ________ expression of developmental genes

Back 131

temporal and spatial

Front 132

Cladogenesis

Back 132

Splitting of one population into two or more different species

Front 133

Alloploid

Back 133

An organism that contains at least one set of chromosomes from two or more different species

Front 134

Polyploidy most common in...

Back 134

plants

Front 135

The three primary meristems produce the ____ tissue
The protoderm procambium produces the _____ tissue
The ground meristem produces the _____ tissue

Back 135

dermal; vascular; ground

Front 136

In the root, the cylinder of cells that encloses the vascular tissue is called the _________

Back 136

pericycle

Front 137

In a plant life cycle, meiosis produces _______

Back 137

spores

Front 138

Unlike collenchyma, sclerenchyma is _____________

Back 138

rigid

Front 139

Secondary xylem contains....

Back 139

vessel elements
fibers
parenchyma
tracheids

Front 140

Leaves are _____ to prevent overheating and _____ to absorb sunlight

Back 140

thin, flat