Bisc 130 Vertebral Column And Back Iii

Front 1

How many of each of the following vertebrae are there?
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Coccygeal

Back 1

1. Cervical (7)
2. Thoracic (12)
3. Lumbar (5)
4. Sacral (5)-fused
5. Coccygeal (~4)-usually fused

Front 2

What are the two primary (appear during embryology) curvatures? What type of curve direction is present in each?

Back 2

1. Thoracic
2. Sacral

-Both are kyphosis (concavity forward)

Front 3

What are the two secondary (accentuated following birth) curvatures? What type of curve direction is present in each?

Back 3

1. Cervical (learns to hold head up)
2. Lumbar (learn to stand/bear weight on spine)

-Both are lordosis (convexity forward)

Front 4

What curvature is accentuated during pregnancy?

Back 4

Lumbar curvature

Front 5

What is scoliosis?

Back 5

Lateral deviation in normal vertical line of the vertebral column, appearing as an S-shaped curve

Front 6

In a typical vertebrae, what do the following structures do/articulate with?
1. Vertebral arch
a. Pedicles
b. Laminae
2. Transverse processes
3. Spinous process
4. Sup. and inf. articular facets
5. Sup. and inf. vertebral notches
6. Spinal canal

Back 6

1. Vertebral arch
a. Pedicles: go from body to transverse processes
b. Laminae: go from transverse processes to spinous processes
2. Transverse processes: laterally located
3. Spinous processes: posteriorly located
4. Sup. and inf. articular facets: where vertebrae articulate with each other
5. Sup. and inf. vertebral notches: form intervertebral foramina, where the spinal nerves come through
6. Spinal canal: contains spinal cord and associated structures

Front 7

What are the 'typical' cervical vertebrae?

Back 7

C3, C4, C5, and C6

Front 8

What are bifid spines and where are they located?

Back 8

Two projections located on the posterior part of the cervical vertebrae

Front 9

Where is the vertebral artery found?

Back 9

In the foramen transversarium

Front 10

True or false: Articular facets of adjacent vertebrae face each other in the vertical plane.

Back 10

False; face each other in the horizontal plane to facilitate rotation (turn head left and right)

Front 11

What are the 'specialized' cervical vertebrae? What is unique about each?

Back 11

1. C1
-"Atlas"
-no body or spinous process
-occipital bone sits on superior facets (holds up the head)
-has ant. and post. arches with lateral mass between

2. C2
-"Axis"
-has dens or odontoid process
-pivot joint with ant. arch of "atlas"

3. C7
-non-bifid spine
-vertebra prominens

Front 12

What are the four characteristics of typical thoracic vertebrae?

Back 12

1. Spinous processes that are long and slope down
2. Demifacets on the bodies to articulate with heads of ribs
3. Facets on transverse processes for tubercles of ribs (except T11 and T12)
4. Articular facets on adjacent vertebrae face each other in coronal plane

Front 13

How do articular facets of adjacent thoracic vertebrae face each other? Why is this important?

Back 13

They face each other in the coronal plane to facilitate lateral bending.

Front 14

What vertebrae are more bulky (to support weight)?

Back 14

Lumbar vertebrae

Front 15

What are the "typical" lumbar vertebrae?

Back 15

L1-L4

Front 16

What are the four characterisics of a typical lumbar vertebrae?

Back 16

1. Large body
2. Short, thick, strong laminae and pedicles
3. Thick spinous processes
4. Articular facets of adjacent vertebrae face each other in the sagittal plane

Front 17

How do the lumbar vertebrae articulate with each other? Why is this important?

Back 17

The articular facets of adjacent lumbar vertebrae face each other in the sagittal plane. This is important because it facilitates flexion and extension of the spine.

Front 18

What is the specialized lumbar vertebrae? How is it unique?

Back 18

L5
-body is deeper ant. than post.
-often site of spondylolisthesis

Front 19

What is spondylolisthesis?

Back 19

The forward displacement of one vertebra over another, usually L5 over the sacrum, or L4 over L5

Front 20

What vertebrae "fit like a wedge between the two hip bones"?

Back 20

Sacral vertebrae

Front 21

What vertebrae have anterior and posterior foramina for the branching of spinal nerves (rami)?

Back 21

Sacral vertebrae

Front 22

What is one of the most painful parts of the hip to fracture?

Back 22

Coccyx/coccygeal vertebrae

Front 23

What is the site of a lumbar puncture?

Back 23

L4, because in adults, the spinal cord ends around L2, so one won't have to worry about damaging it

Front 24

Generally, where does the spinal cord end in adults? In children?

Back 24

At L2 in adults and L4 in children

Front 25

What type of joint is found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?

Back 25

Symphysis joints

Front 26

What two ligaments are found between adjacent vertebral bodies (associated with the symphysis joint)?

Back 26

1. Anterior longitudinal ligament (from ant. tubercle of C1 to sacrum)
2. Posterior longitudinal ligament (from occipital bone of skull to sacrum)

Front 27

What ligament accompanies the disk in the symphysis joints of the vertebral column?

Back 27

The anterior longitudinal ligament

Front 28

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament (of the vertebral column) located?

Back 28

In the vertebral canal

Front 29

What accounts for 1/4 the length of the vertebral column?

Back 29

Intervertebral disks

Front 30

What makes up an intervertebral disk?

Back 30

1. Fibrocartilaginous outer portion (annulus fibrosis)
2. Semigelatinous center (nucleus pulposus)

Front 31

Why do elderly people often lose height as they age?

Back 31

Because their intervertebral disks atrophy

Front 32

What could occur as a result of herniation or protrusion of nucleous pulposus?

Back 32

Impingement on the spinal nerve = parasthesias, motor weakness

Front 33

What type of joint is found between the vertebral arches?

Back 33

Facet joints (between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae)

Front 34

What is a facet joint?

Back 34

Gliding type with capsules and synovial membranes

Front 35

What four ligaments are found between laminae, spinous processes, and transverse processes in facet joints?

Back 35

1. Ligamentum flava: between laminae, contain elastic tissue
2. Supraspinatus ligament: connects spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum
3. Ligamentum nuchae: thick fibrous membrane from occipital bone to spinous process
4. Interspinal (one spine to the next) and intertransverse (between transverse processes) ligaments

Front 36

What ligament associated with the facet joints becomes thicker in the cervical area?

Back 36

Ligamentum nuchae

Front 37

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

Back 37

Gliding

Front 38

What types of motion are associated with the atlanto-occipital joint? With the atlanto-axial joint?

Back 38

Atlanto-occipital: flexion and extension
Atlanto-axial: rotation

Front 39

What holds the dens in place?

Back 39

Ligaments

Front 40

What are the costovertebral ligaments? Where do they attach?

Back 40

1. Radiate ligament: heads of ribs to vertebral bodies
2. Costotransverse ligament: rib tubercles to transverse processes

Front 41

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

Back 41

Synchondrosis

Front 42

In the sacroiliac joint, what ligaments connect the sacrum to the ischium?

Back 42

Sacrotubersous and sacrospinous ligaments

Front 43

What four ligaments are associated with the sacroiliac joint?

Back 43

1. Ant. sacroiliac ligament
2. Post. sacroiliac ligament
3. Sacrotubersous ligament
4. Sacrospinous ligament

Front 44

Generally, what innervates the true back muscles?

Back 44

By the posterior primary rami of spinal nerves

Front 45

What do the superficial true back muscles do?

Back 45

*Run vertically*

Extend and laterally flex the vertebral column

Front 46

What do the deep true back muscles do?

Back 46

*Run obliquely*

Rotate the vertebral column

Front 47

What are the superficial back muscles(3)?

Back 47

Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, sacrospinalis (erector spinae)

Front 48

What are the actions of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis?

Back 48

Both rotate the head to the same side by contracting to one side or extend head and neck by contracting both sides.

Front 49

What are the three groups the erector spinae muscle is divided into?

Back 49

1. Spinalis (medial)-spines to spines
2. Longissimus (intermediate)-transverse process to transverse process
3. Iliocostalis (lateral)-rib to rib

Front 50

What is the general origin for the erector spinae muscles?

Back 50

Sacrum, iliac crests, and spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae

Front 51

What are the three muscle subgroups of the spinalis muscle (of erector spinae)?

Back 51

1. Thoracis
2. Cervicis
3. Capitis

Front 52

What are the three muscle subgroups of the longissimus muscle (of erector spinae)?

Back 52

1. Thoracis
2. Cervicis
3. Capitis

Front 53

What are the three muscle subgroups of the iliocostalis?

Back 53

1. Lumborum
2. Thoracis
3. Cervicis

Front 54

What are the major actions of the sacrospinalis muscle?

Back 54

Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column

They hold the body up when bent over forward (against gravity).

Front 55

Which of the true back muscles is likely to spasm (gets hard and painful)?

Back 55

Erector spinae muscles

Front 56

What are the deep true back muscles?

Back 56

Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, intertransversarii, and interspinales

Front 57

Which of the deep back muscles is not found below the thorax?

Back 57

Semispinalis

Front 58

Generally, where are the semispinalis muscles attached?

Back 58

They go from transverse processes to spinous processes

Front 59

Where do the multifidus and rotatores attach (generally)?

Back 59

From transverse processes to spinous processes

Front 60

What is the action of the multifidus and rotatores?

Back 60

They rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side (rotate spinous processes toward transverse processes)

Front 61

Where is the intertransversarii muscle found? What do they do?

Back 61

From transverse process to transverse process; they extend the vertebral column

Front 62

What do the interspinales muscles do? Where are they located?

Back 62

They are found between vertebral spines and extend the vertebral column.

Front 63

Generally, where is the suboccipital triangle located?

Back 63

Very deep, posterior and inferior to the occipital bone

Front 64

What are the borders of the suboccipital triangle (med, lat, inf, roof/floor)?

Back 64

Medial: rectus capitis posterior major
Lateral: obliquus capitis superior
Inferior: obliquus capitis inferior
Roof: semispinalis capitis
Floor: atlanto-occipital membrane

Front 65

What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?

Back 65

1. Suboccipital nerve
2. Vertebral artery

Front 66

Where is the suboccipital nerve from? What does it innervate?

Back 66

From the 1st cervical nerve; innervates the muscles of the triangle (motor)

Front 67

What does the vertebral artery do?

Back 67

Provides half of the blood supply to the brain (ascends through the foramen magnum to the brain)

Front 68

What are the meninges (coverings) of the spinal cord (outer to inner)?

Back 68

1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

Front 69

True or false: The spinal cord stops growing before the vertebral column.

Back 69

True

Front 70

What is the approximate length of the spinal cord?

Back 70

45cm (from foramen magnum to L2)

Front 71

What major artery ascends through the foramen magnum to the brain?

Back 71

Vertebral artery

Front 72

What is the name of the network of spinal nerves typically below L1 (to point of exit)?

Back 72

Cauda equina

Front 73

What runs through the intervertebral foramina?

Back 73

Spinal nerves

Front 74

Where is the subarachnoid space? What fills it?

Back 74

It is located deep to the arachnoid mater and is filled with the cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 75

What are dentate ligaments?

Back 75

Small extensions off the cord that alternate with spinal nerves and run from the pia to the dura mater.

Front 76

What do the denate ligaments do?

Back 76

They reinforce the meninges.