Bisc 130 Spinal Nerve And Autonomic Connections Iii

Front 1

What are the components of the CNS? Of the PNS?

Back 1

CNS: brain and spinal cord

PNS: everything else (including cranial nerves)

Front 2

What is the difference between a unipolar and multipolar neuron?

Back 2

Unipolar: aka pseudounipolar; one pole on neuron with processes off of it; has peripheral and central process; usually sensory

Multipolar: Has several dendrites, one axon; usually motor

Front 3

What do the following processes (fibers) do?

1. Axon
2. Dendrite
3. Peripheral process
4. Central process

Back 3

1. Axon: takes impulse away from the nerve cell body; typically there is only one
2. Dendrite: receives an impulse and brings it to the cell body; usually there are many
3. Peripheral process: impulse toward the nerve cell body via dendrites
4. Central process: impulse to CNS (axon)

Front 4

What are the two groups of ganglion (bundles of neurons)? Where are they located?

Back 4

1. Ganglion: outside the CNS
2. Nucleus: inside the CNS

Front 5

What are receptors?

Back 5

Transducers converting stimulus to an impulse (electrical)

Front 6

What are some general examples of receptors?

Back 6

Physical, chemical, electrical stimuli; usually peripheral processes

Front 7

What do effectors do?

Back 7

Perform a function following stimulation (are innervated)

Front 8

What are innervated effectors?

Back 8

Muscles (smooth, cardiac, skeletal) and glands

Front 9

How does one neuron communicate with the other?

Back 9

Via the synapse

Front 10

What type of synapse is found more frequently, chemical or electrical?

Back 10

Chemical

Front 11

What is a neuromuscular junction?

Back 11

Where a nerve fiber innervates a muscle fiber

Front 12

What makes up a motor unit?

Back 12

One motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it will innervate

Front 13

True or false: The number of muscle fibers per neuron cannot vary.

Back 13

False

Front 14

Muscles that require very fine movement have motor units with a fewer/greater number of fibers per neuron.

Back 14

Fewer

Front 15

What is the difference between efferent and afferent?

Back 15

Efferent: impulse from receptor to CNS (TO CNS)
Afferent: impulse from CNS to effector (FROM CNS)

Front 16

True or false: Interneurons can only function as excitatory.

Back 16

False; can be excitatory or inhibitory

Front 17

What is the neuroglia?

Back 17

Supportive cells between neurons

Front 18

True or false: The white matter in the brain forms an "H" pattern.

Back 18

False; the grey matter does

Front 19

What is the difference between the dorsal horn and the ventral horn of the gray matter of the brain?

Back 19

Dorsal horn: 2 posterior regions with sensory imput
Ventral horn: 2 anterior regions with motor output

Front 20

What connects the two sides of the gray matter?

Back 20

Commissure

Front 21

What is the intermediolateral horn?

Back 21

Section of gray matter between the dorsal and ventral horns. Has visceral motor cells that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and veins.

Front 22

What pathway in the white matter brings information up?

Back 22

Ascending pathways

Front 23

What are the two pathways in the white matter of the brain?

Back 23

Ascending and descending pathways

Front 24

Of the 31 spinal nerve pairs, how many nerves are there of each of the following categories?

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Coccygeal

Back 24

1. Cervical - 8
2. Thoracic - 12
3. Lumbar - 5
4. Sacral - 5
5. Coccygeal - 1

Front 25

What are the six components of spinal nerve?

Back 25

1. Dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion
2. Ventral root
3. Dorsal ramus
4. Ventral ramus
5. White ramus
6. Gray ramus

Front 26

What components unite to form a spinal nerve?

Back 26

Dorsal root and ventral root

Front 27

What is unique about the dorsal root ganglion?

Back 27

They are unipolar neurons and have no synapses.

Front 28

Of the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves, which is sensory and which is motor?

Back 28

Dorsal is sensory and ventral is motor.

Front 29

What is the white ramus?

Back 29

Preganglionic fiber connection to sympathetic chain ganglion

Front 30

What is the gray ramus?

Back 30

Postganglionic fiber connection away from sympathetic chain ganglion

Front 31

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 31

To regulate and control visceral activity and maintain homeostasis.

Front 32

What is homeostasis?

Back 32

Internal stability relative to the demands on the body.

Front 33

What is the center for coordinating function of the ANS?

Back 33

The hypothalamus

Front 34

What are seven functions of the ANS?

Back 34

1. Heart rate
2. Respiration
3. Blood vessel diameter
4. Digestion (GI motility)
5. Sweat glands
6. Pupillary diameter
7. Sexual functions

Front 35

True or false: The sympathetic ANS is associated with "excitement" and the parasympathetic is associated with "relaxation".

Back 35

True

Front 36

How does the CNS receive information regarding visceral conditions?

Back 36

Visceral reactions and functions are initiated by internal changes activate visceroreceptors, which are innervated by visceral afferent fibers. The visceral afferent fibers have their cells of origin in the spinal dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia.

Front 37

Response to changes in visceral conditions occurs through ______ _____ fibers.

Back 37

Visceral efferent fibers

Front 38

Where do visceral efferent fibers originate?

Back 38

In the spinal cord and brain

Front 39

True or false: Visceral efferent or motor responses use a two neuron chain.

Back 39

True

Front 40

What do visceral efferents innervate?

Back 40

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 41

What makes up the two neuron chain in autonomic efferents?

Back 41

Preganglionic and postganglionic cells

Front 42

What is the difference between two types of cells in in the two neuron chain?

Back 42

Preganglionic cell: lives in CNS and sends a fiber out to synapse with a postganglionic cell
Postganglionic cell: lives in various ganglia located throughout the body, receives a preganglionic fiber and sends a fiber to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands

Front 43

Where are the sympathetic preganglionic efferents located?

Back 43

In the spinal cord, levels T1 to L2 (intermediolateral gray nucleus)

Front 44

What are sympathetic preganglionic efferents also called?

Back 44

Thoracolumbar

Front 45

Where are the parasympathetic preganglionic efferents located?

Back 45

1. Brain (autonomic nuclei for cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X)
2. Spinal cord, levels S2-S4 (autonomic nucleus of intermediate gray)

Front 46

What are sympathetic preganglionic efferents also called?

Back 46

Craniosacral

Front 47

In what three places (generally) are postganglionic sympathetic efferents found?

Back 47

1. Paravertebral or sympathetic chain
2. Prevertebral (ant. to the vertebral column and unpaired)
3. Adrenal medulla

Front 48

What is unique about the postganglionic sympathetic efferents found in the adrenal medulla?

Back 48

The cells are modified postganglionic cells that secrete epinephrine into the bloodstream.

Front 49

Where are the postganglionic sympathetic efferents associated with the three great unpaired arteries in the abdomen?

Back 49

Prevertebral (ant. to the vertebral column)

Front 50

True or false: Gray rami are only associated with nerves T1-L2 and white rami are associated with all spinal nerves. (in terms of sympathetic postganglionic efferents)

Back 50

False

Front 51

How are sympathetic ganglia arranged when they are located paravertebral or in the sympathetic chain?

Back 51

They are connected to spinal nerves on both sides of the vertebral column by a white ramus and a gray ramus.

Front 52

What four cranial nerves are associated with parasympathetic autonomic ganglia?

Back 52

CN III, VII, IX, X

Front 53

What do the following cranial nerves innervate?
1. CN III
2. CN VII
3. CN IX
4. CN X

Back 53

1. CN III - Eye (constrictor of pupil and cillary body)
2. CN VII - Lacrimal and nasal glands (1) and submandibular and sublingual glands (2)
3. CN IX - parotid gland
4. CN X - heart, bronchial tree, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Front 54

What is cranial nerve X also known as?

Back 54

The vagus nerve

Front 55

Are the pelvic splanchnic nerves sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Back 55

Parasympathetic

Front 56

What are terminal ganglia?

Back 56

Postganglionic cells that actually live within the organ innervated by the postganglionic fiber. Associated with organs innervated by CN X and pelvic nerves.

Front 57

What do terminal ganglia do?

Back 57

Send short postganglionic fibers to the cells of the organ

Front 58

What cranial nerves go by the following names:

1. otic
2. submandibular
3. ciliary
4. pterygopalatine

Back 58

1. Otic - CN IX
2. Submandibular - CN VII
3. Ciliary - CN III
4. Pterygopalatine - CN VII