Bisc 130 Lower Limb Overview/osteology Iii

Front 1

Bones respond best to _________ exercises.

Back 1

Resistance - density and strength of bones are maintained

Front 2

During limb development, the upper limbs rotate laterally/medially through 90 degrees on their longitudinal axis. The lower limbs rotate laterally/medially through 90 degrees.

Back 2

Upper limbs - laterally
Lower limbs - medially

Front 3

Differential rotation during embryology puts the flexors and extensors on the same/opposite sides of the upper and lower limbs.

Back 3

Opposite; upper limbs have extensors on the post. aspect while lower limbs have their extensors on the ant. aspect.

Front 4

True or false: After rotation during embryology, the elbows point posteriorly and the knees point anteriorly.

Back 4

True

Front 5

What ventral rami of the lumbar plexus are primarily responsible for innervation of the lower limb?

Back 5

L1-L4

Front 6

What ventral rami of the sacral plexus are primarily responsible for innervation of the lower limb?

Back 6

L4-S4

Front 7

What is the femoral artery known as before it crosses the inguinal ligament?

Back 7

External iliac artery

Front 8

When the femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatus (of adductor magnus), what does it become known as?

Back 8

The popliteal artery

Front 9

What artery provides the main blood supply to the thigh?

Back 9

Profunda femoris

Front 10

What arteries supply the following areas of the thigh:

1. Medial compartment
2. Anterior compartment
3. Posterior compartment (and adductor magnus)
4. Knee

Back 10

1. Med. compartment - med. femoral circumflex and perforating arteries
2. Ant. compartment - lat. femoral circumflex
3. Post. compartment/adductor magnus - perforating arteries (branches)
4. Knee - descending genicular artery

*All are branches of profunda femoris except the genicular artery - it is a branch of the femoral*

Front 11

What is the union of deep venous drainage from the lower limb/leg?

Back 11

Femoral vein

Front 12

What is the acetabulum? What forms it?

Back 12

It is a socket that receives the head of the femur; all three hip bones contribute to forming this socket.

Front 13

True or false: The head of the femur articulates with the fossa of the acetabulum.

Back 13

False; articulates with the lunate surface

Front 14

Where is the notch located in the acetabulum?

Back 14

On the lunate surface

Front 15

True or false: On the ilium, the crest is located more medially, and the fossa is found more laterally.

Back 15

False

Front 16

What surface of the ilium articulates with the sacrum?

Back 16

Auricular surface

Front 17

True or false: The ilium has both posterior and anterior sup/inf spines.

Back 17

True

Front 18

Where are the greater and lesser sciatic notches located?

Back 18

Above and below the ischial spine.

Front 19

What bony prominence bears pressure when one is seated (compresses the soft tissue)?

Back 19

Ischial tuberosity

Front 20

What forms the obturator foramen?

Back 20

The pubic bone and ischium

Front 21

True or false: All of the following are found on the pubis:

-Body
-Symphysis
-Sup. ramus
-Inf. ramus
-Obturator foramen
-Tuberosity

Back 21

False; not the tuberosity (found on the ischium)

Front 22

What is the largest bone in the body?

Back 22

The femur

Front 23

What six structures are found at the proximal end of the femur?

Back 23

1. Head
2. Neck
3. Greater trochanter
4. Lesser trochanter
5. Intertrochanter line
6. Intertrochanter crest (post.)

Front 24

What important bony prominence is found on the shaft of the femur?

Back 24

Linea aspera

Front 25

All of the following structures are found on the distal end of the femur except:

1. Med. and lat. epicondyles
2. Lesser trochanter
3. Patellar surface
4. Adductor tubercle
5. Med. and lat. condyles
6. Intercondylar notch

Back 25

Lesser trochanter (found at proximal end)

Front 26

The tibia is larger/smaller than the fibula and more lateral/medial.

Back 26

Larger; medial

Front 27

What inserts at the tuberosity of the tibia?

Back 27

Patellar ligament

Front 28

What three structures are located at the proximal end of the tibia?

Back 28

1. Condyles
2. Tuberosity
3. Articular facet for fibula

Front 29

All of the following structures are found at the distal end of the tibia except:

1. Medial malleolus
2. Articular facet for fibula
3. Notch for fibula
4. Articular surface for talus

Back 29

Articular facet for the fibula

Front 30

True or false: The lateral malleolus is located on the fibula.

Back 30

True (distal end)

Front 31

Why is the patella called a "sesamoid" bone?

Back 31

Because it is completely enveloped in a tendon (quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament)

Front 32

How many tarsals are there?

Back 32

Seven

Front 33

What tarsal is especially important for ankle/foot function?

Back 33

Talus

Front 34

What are the proximal, middle, and distal tarsals?

Back 34

Proximal: Talus and calcaneus
Middle: Navicular (also important for ankle/foot action)
Distal: Three cuneiforms (med, interm, lat) and cuboid

Front 35

What is unique about the phalange of the great toe?

Back 35

It lacks a middle phalanx

Front 36

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Back 36

Ball and socket aka enarthrodial

Front 37

What is the "ball" and what forms the "socket"?

Back 37

The head of the femur and the labrum and lunate surface of the acetabulum

Front 38

True or false: The hip joint has the same range of motion as the shoulder.

Back 38

False; slightly less

Front 39

What movements are possible at the hip?

Back 39

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, med. and lat. rotation

Front 40

What ligament crosses the notch at the acetabulum (in the hip joint)?

Back 40

Transverse ligament

Front 41

What four ligaments are associated with the hip joint? What do they do?

Back 41

1. Iliofemoral (Y-ligament Bigelow): probably the strongest ligament in the body
2. Pubofemoral: pubis to femur
3. Ischiofemoral: v. strong, reinforces the hip
4. Ligamentum teres: at head of femur

Front 42

True or false: The ligamentum teres holds the head of the femur in place.

Back 42

False; the ligamentum teres holds the obturator artery that supplies the bone

Front 43

What are the sensory nerves to the hip joint?

Back 43

Femoral, obturator, and sciatic

Front 44

Why is hip pain sometimes referred to the knee?

Back 44

Because the same cutaneous nerves supply both.

Front 45

What vessels supply the hip joint?

Back 45

1. Circumflex femoris (med. and lat.) from profunda femoris
2. Obturator artery (and foveolar artery, a branch of the obturator)

Front 46

What joint is more susceptible to osteoarthritis and athletic injury?

Back 46

The knee joint

Front 47

What type of joint is the knee?

Back 47

Hinge (gingylmus)

Front 48

True or false: The obturator artery is a branch of the external iliac artery.

Back 48

False; internal iliac

Front 49

What movements are possible at the knee joint?

Back 49

Flexion, extension, and slight rotation (med. and lat.)

Front 50

Which leg bone is excluded from the knee joint?

Back 50

The fibula

Front 51

What are the four bony components of the knee joint?

Back 51

1. Femoral condyles
2. Tibial condyles
3. Patella
4. Menisci (med. and lat.)

Front 52

What do the menisci do?

Back 52

Increase the depth of tibial condyles

Front 53

What four ligaments are associated with the knee joint?

Back 53

1. Oblique popliteal ligament
2. Medial collateral ligament
3. Lateral collateral ligament
4. Ant. and post. cruciate

Front 54

What knee ligament is an extension of the semimembranosus tendon?

Back 54

Oblique popliteal ligament

Front 55

What knee ligament is most frequently injured?

Back 55

Medial collateral ligament

Front 56

What is the pes anserinus and what does it cross?

Back 56

Tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus

It crosses the medial collateral ligament.

Front 57

Where do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments attach?

Back 57

Medial: Med. meniscus
Lateral: Head of fibula

Front 58

The medial collateral ligament prevents abduction/adduction and the lateral collateral ligament prevents abduction/adduction.

Back 58

Medial collateral ligament: prevents abduction at the knee
Lateral collateral ligament: prevents adduction at the knee

Front 59

What ligament prevents hyperextension?

Back 59

Anterior cruciate ligament

Front 60

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior/posterior displacement of the tibia on a fixed femur. It also prevents anterior/posterior displacement of the femur on a fixed tibia.

Back 60

Anterior; posterior

Front 61

True or false: If the legs are very muscular, the muscles can provide temporary stabilization of the knee when the medial collateral ligament is torn.

Back 61

False; anterior or posterior cruciate ligaments

Front 62

The posterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior/posterior displacement of the tibia on a fixed femur. It also prevents anterior/posterior displacement of the femur on a fixed tibia.

Back 62

Posterior; anterior

Front 63

Where is the ligament of Wrisberg located?

Back 63

Band from lateral meniscus to medial femoral condyle.

Front 64

What is the ligament of Wrisberg also known as?

Back 64

Meniscofemoral ligament

Front 65

What ligaments unite the cartilages of the menisci to those of the tibia?

Back 65

Coronary ligaments

Front 66

What ligament unites the anterior parts of the menisci?

Back 66

Transverse ligament

Front 67

True or false: The menisci can tear in trauma.

Back 67

True

Front 68

A tear in the medial collateral ligament often includes a tear in the ________.

Back 68

Medial meniscal cartilages

Front 69

What are bursae?

Back 69

Extensions of the synovial cavity

Front 70

Approximately how many bursae are associated with the knee joint?

Back 70

12

Front 71

What is frequently injured with blunt trauma to the knee?

Back 71

The prepatellar bursa

Front 72

What is the arterial supply to the knee?

Back 72

A rich anastomosis around the joint provided by genicular branches of femoral and popliteal arteries.

Front 73

What three nerves are associated with the knee joint?

Back 73

Femoral, obturator, sciatic nerves

Front 74

What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Back 74

Plane (little movement)