Bisc 130 Joint Classification/upper Limb Joints

Front 1

What is a joint?

Back 1

A place of union or junction between two or more bones of the skeleton

Front 2

What type of cartilage is found where two bones meet in a joint?

Back 2

Articular cartilage

Front 3

What condition results from the wearing down of articular cartilage in joints?

Back 3

Osteoarthritis

Front 4

What do the classifications synarthrosis, diarthrosis, and amphiarthrosis mean?

Back 4

Synarthrosis: immovable or very slightly movable joint
Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint
Diarthrosis: Freely movable joint

Front 5

What types of connections exist between the bones in synarthrosis joints?

Back 5

1. Synostosis: bones are fused together (bone on bone)
2. Syndesmosis: dense fibrous CT joins bones
3. Synchrondrosis: hyaline cartilage joins bones

Front 6

What is an example of a joint joined by synostosis? By syndesmosis? By synchondrosis?

Back 6

Synostosis: Flat bones in skull
Syndesmosis: Interosseous membrane of radius and ulna (between them)
Synchondrosis: Epiphyseal plate

Front 7

If the intervertebral disks between vertebrae are amphiarthrosis joints, how can the spine have so much flexibility?

Back 7

When many slightly moveable joints are stacked, it allows for much more movement

Front 8

What fills the space between bones in amphiarthrosis joints?

Back 8

Fibrocartilage

Front 9

What are the four components of a diarthrosis joint?

Back 9

1. Joint capsule of dense, irregular CT with ligaments
2. Articular cartilage on ends of bones
3. Ends of bones are separated by synovial cavity
4. A disk may divide synovial cavity into two compartments (can be partial or complete)

Front 10

What are ligaments?

Back 10

CT bands made of collagenous fibers that join two bony structures (bone to bone); flexible enough to permit motion, but strong enough not to yield to applied forces (usually)

Front 11

What types of diarthrodial joints allow rotation?

Back 11

Trochoid (pivot), enarthrodial (ball and socket), seller (saddle) (a little bit)

Front 12

What are the six types of diarthrodial joints?

Back 12

Arthrodial (gliding), ginglymus (hinge), trochoid (pivot), condyloid, enarthrodial (ball and socket), and sellar (saddle)

Front 13

Classify the intercarpal joints.

Back 13

Diarthrodial; arthrodial (gliding)

Front 14

Classify the humeroulnar joint.

Back 14

Diarthrodial; Ginglymus (hinge)

Front 15

Classify the proximal radioulnar joint.

Back 15

Diarthrodial; Trochoid (pivot)

Front 16

Classify the metacarpophalangeal joints.

Back 16

Diarthrodial; condyloid

Front 17

Classify the glenohumeral joint.

Back 17

Diarthrodial; enarthrodial (ball and socket)

Front 18

Classify the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Back 18

Diarthrodial; sellar (saddle)

Front 19

What are bursae and how are they named?

Back 19

Clefts in CT between muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones that are named according to their location.

Front 20

What do bursae do?

Back 20

Facilitate gliding of muscles of tendons over bony or ligamentous prominences.

Front 21

What are the two upper limb joints associated with the clavicle?

Back 21

Sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint

Front 22

What joint consists of the articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula?

Back 22

Glenohumeral joint

Front 23

What is the anatomical name for the elbow joint?

Back 23

Elbow proper

Front 24

What joint is composed of the radial head and the radial notch of the ulna?

Back 24

Proximal radioulnar joint

Front 25

What joint allows the articulation of the shafts of the radius and ulna?

Back 25

Middle radioulnar joint

Front 26

What are the components of the distal radioulnar joint?

Back 26

Head of the ulna and ulnar notch of the radius

Front 27

What are the components of the radiocarpal joint?

Back 27

Distal radius and navicular, lunate and triquetrum

Front 28

What type of joint makes up the intercarpal joints?

Back 28

Gliding, except the midcarpal joint, which is a hinge

Front 29

What is the significance of the midcarpal joint being a hinge joint?

Back 29

It facilitates flexion and extension at the wrist.

Front 30

What type of joint makes up the carpometacarpal joints?

Back 30

Joints between the carpal bones and the medial four metacarpals are gliding.
The thumb has a saddle joint formed by the 1st metacarpal and trapezium that permits flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Front 31

What type of joints are the intermetacarpal joints?

Back 31

Gliding

Front 32

What are components of the metacarpophalangeal joints? What type of joint is this?

Back 32

Components: Heads of the metacarpals and proximal ends of the first phalanges

Type: condyloid (convex on concave)

Front 33

What are the components of the interphalangeal joints? What type of joint is this?

Back 33

Components: 1st and 2nd phalanges of all digits; 2nd and 3rd phalanges of all digits except the thumb

Type: hinge

Front 34

What joint is made up of a complete articular disk, the sternal end of the clavicle, and the manubrium of the sternum?

Back 34

The sternoclavicular joint

Front 35

What joint is the only point where the shoulder girdle articulates with the trunk?

Back 35

Sternoclavicular joint

Front 36

What four ligaments are formed from a thickening of the capsule in the sternoclavicular joint?

Back 36

Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, costoclavicular ligament (1st costal cartilage to clavicle), and interclavicular ligament (clavicle to clavicle)

Front 37

What is the significance of the articular disk in the sternoclavicular joint?

Back 37

It makes the double gliding joint more like a ball and socket joint, permitting a limited amount of movement in nearly every direction.

Front 38

What are the components of the acromioclavicular joint?

Back 38

An incomplete disk, the lateral end of the clavicle, and the acromion of the scapula

Front 39

What two ligaments are found in the acromioclavicular joint?

Back 39

Acromioclavicular ligaments (superior and inferior) and the coracoclavicular ligaments (conoid and trapezoid)

Front 40

Which of the two types of ligaments in the acromioclavicular joint are found extrinsic to the joint?

Back 40

The conoid and trapezoid coracoclavicular ligaments

Front 41

What does it mean when ligaments are found extrinsic to the joint?

Back 41

The ligaments are associated with the joint, but they don't cross the two articulating bones.

Front 42

What types of motion occur at the acromioclavicular joint?

Back 42

Gliding, limited scapular rotation of the clavicle; this joint works with the sternoclavicular joint when the scapula moves

Front 43

What are the components of the glenohumeral joint?

Back 43

Head of the humerus, glenoid fossa of the scapula, and glenoid labrum

Front 44

What does the glenoid labrum do in the glenohumeral joint?

Back 44

It circles the glenoid and makes the 'socket' a bit bigger to fit the 'ball,' the head of the humerus

Front 45

What joint is easily dislocated, usually inferiorly and anteriorly?

Back 45

The glenohumeral joint

Front 46

What five ligaments are associated with the glenohumeral joint?

Back 46

Coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligaments (inferior, middle, superior), and coracoacromial ligament

Front 47

Which ligament associated with the glenohumeral joint is located extrinsic to the joint?

Back 47

The coracoacromial ligament, which connects two landmarks on the scapula and has no apparent function

Front 48

What types of motion is permited at the glenohumeral joint?

Back 48

Circumduction, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation

Front 49

What joint is considered the most mobile joint in the body (and also the most unstable)?

Back 49

The glenohumeral joint

Front 50

What are the components of the elbow proper?

Back 50

1. Humerus (trochlea and capitulum)
2. Ulna (with trochlea) and radius (with capitulum)

Front 51

What two ligaments are associated with the elbow proper?

Back 51

1. Radial collateral ligament (lateral)
2. Ulnar collateral ligament (medial)

Front 52

What is the purpose of the ulnar and radial collateral joints?

Back 52

Both stabilize the joint - the ulnar collateral prevents abduction, and the radial collateral prevents adduction at the elbow.

Front 53

What types of action are permitted at the elbow proper?

Back 53

Flexion and extension

Front 54

What is the carrying angle?

Back 54

An angle of deviation of the forearm from continued longitudinal (?) progress (going straight down).
The angle is usually about 15 degrees in men and a couple degrees more in women. It 'curves' the arms around the hips.

Front 55

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

Back 55

Pivot (trochoid)

Front 56

The capsule of the proximal radioulnar joint is continuous with the capsule of the ___________.

Back 56

Elbow proper

Front 57

What ligament is associated with the proximal radioulnar joint?

Back 57

Annular ligament - wraps around radial neck and holds head in position

Front 58

What ligament holds the radius in position for pivoting?

Back 58

The annular ligament

Front 59

What types of motion are permitted at the proximal radioulnar joint?

Back 59

Pronation and supination

Front 60

What is the only syndesmosis joint in the arm?

Back 60

Middle radioulnar joint (connects the shafts of the radius and ulna)

Front 61

What ligament is important in the middle radioulnar joint?

Back 61

Interosseous membrane

Front 62

What ligament is associated with the distal radioulnar joint?

Back 62

A capsule with a partial articular disk

Front 63

What motion is possible at the distal radioulnar joint?

Back 63

Pronation and supination

Front 64

What types of motion are permitted at the radiocarpal joint (wrist)?

Back 64

Flexion, extension, abduction (radial deviation), adduction (ulnar deviation)

Front 65

What four ligaments are made from a thickening of the capsule on the radiocarpal joint?

Back 65

Palmar and dorsal radiocarpal ligaments and radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

Front 66

In what plane does thumb extension and flexion occur?

Back 66

Frontal plane

Front 67

In what plane does thumb abduction and adduction occur?

Back 67

Saggital plane

Front 68

What are the ligaments associated with the metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 68

Collateral ligaments (cross the joint)

Front 69

What types of action are permitted at the metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 69

Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (middle finger is the midline)

Front 70

How many interphalangeal joints are present on individual digits?

Back 70

There are 2 IP joints on all digits except the thumb, which has one.

Front 71

What is the significance of the collateral ligaments at the IP joints?

Back 71

When the fingers are flexed, the ligaments tighten and prevent abduction and adduction at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints.

Front 72

What type of motion is permitted at the interphalangeal joints?

Back 72

Flexion and extension