Bisc 130 Brain And Cranial Nerves Iv

Front 1

What three structures form the hindbrain? What is their embryonic origin?

Back 1

1. Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
2. Pons (metencephalon)
3. Cerebellum (metencephalon)

Front 2

What nuclei are found in the medulla?

Back 2

Nuclei for CN 9, 10, part of 11, and 12; also numerous up/down pathways

Front 3

What is found in the pons?

Back 3

Ascending and descending pathways; nuclei for CN 5,6,7, and 8

Front 4

What is the motor function of the cerebellum?

Back 4

Coordination of muscle movement and fine manipulation; also, equilibrium

Front 5

People with impaired cerebellar function can experience intention/resting tremors, while people with impaired basal ganglia function can experience intention/resting tremors.

Back 5

Intention; resting

Front 6

People with impaired cerebellar function can also have problems with ___________, which can cause vertigo and nausea.

Back 6

Equilibrium (vestibular function)

Front 7

What four types of nuclei are found in the midbrain?

Back 7

1. Nuclei for CN 3 and 4
2. Relay nuclei
3. Red nucleus
4. Substancia nigra nuclei

Front 8

What is the embryonic origin of the midbrain?

Back 8

Mesencephalon

Front 9

True or false: The mesencephalon is the embryonic origin for both the hindbrain and the midbrain.

Back 9

False

Front 10

What part of the brain is the "relay center" for the senses? What is the one sense that does not relay there?

Back 10

Thalamus; relays all senses except smell

Front 11

What four parts of the forebrain originated as part of the diencephalon?

Back 11

1. Thalamus
2. Epithalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Subthalamus

Front 12

What parts of the forebrain originated as part of the telencephalon?

Back 12

1. Basal ganglia
2. Cerebral hemispheres (and four lobes)

Front 13

True or false: The basal ganglia are located outside the CNS.

Back 13

False; are neuron clusters inside CNS (actually nuclei)

Front 14

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Back 14

Mostly unconscious motor function, usually inhibitory

Front 15

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Back 15

Judgement, personality, intellect; also upper motor (Betz) neurons in precentral gyrus - responsible for initiating intentional motor activity

Front 16

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Back 16

Areas 3,1,2 in postcentral gyrus; primary sensory reception

Front 17

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Back 17

Auditory reception and association (auditory memory)

Front 18

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Back 18

Visual reception and association (visual memory)

Front 19

What is cortical blindness?

Back 19

Blindness caused by damage to the occipital lobe; the actual eye can be completely undamaged

Front 20

The ventricular system produces what important bodily fluid?

Back 20

CSF

Front 21

What is located in the two lateral ventricles?

Back 21

1. Choroid plexus
2. Interventricular foramen of Monro (communicates with 3rd and lat. ventricles)

Front 22

What does the choroid plexus do?

Back 22

Produces CSF

Front 23

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

Back 23

Between the thalamic nuclei

Front 24

What structure is found in the 3rd ventricle?

Back 24

Aqueduct of Sylvius (goes to 4th ventricle)

Front 25

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

Back 25

Near the pons and cerebellum

Front 26

What two structures are found in the 4th ventricle?

Back 26

1. Lateral recesses of Luschka
2. Median foramen of Magendie

Front 27

What is the significance of the foramen in the 4th ventricle?

Back 27

They allow the CSF to leave the ventricular system and enter the subarachnoid space.

Front 28

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

Back 28

1. External (acts as internal periosteum of skull)
2. Internal (meningeal layer)

Front 29

Where are the venous sinuses located?

Back 29

Between the dura layers

Front 30

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 30

Fold of dura mater below the occipital lobes, above the cerebellum

Front 31

What layer of the meninges is avascular?

Back 31

The arachnoid mater

Front 32

What causes the following conditions:
1. Subdural hematoma
2. Subarachnoid hemmorage
3. Epidural hematoma

Back 32

1. Subdural hematoma: blood accumulating from the dural sinuses or superficial veins, often due to blunt trauma; is located below the dura mater.

2. Subarachnoid hemmorage: Bleeding from the Circle of Willis or from superficial arteries

3. Epidural hematoma: Often blood accumulating from a lacerated meningeal artery due to trauma or fracture to the skull; located above the dura mater

Front 33

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Back 33

12

Front 34

CN 1 (name, innervation)

Back 34

Olfactory nerve; olfactory receptor (smell)

Front 35

CN 2

Back 35

Optic nerve
Innervates retina (vision)

Front 36

CN 3

Back 36

Oculomotor nerve
Innervates:
-levator palpebrae superioris
-superior rectus
-inferior rectus
-medial rectus
-inferior oblique
-parasympathetic to sphincter of pupil and cilliary muscle

Front 37

CN 4

Back 37

Trochlear nerve
Innervates superior oblique muscle

Front 38

CN 5

Back 38

Trigeminal nerve
3 branches
Innervations:
1. Ophthalmic: sensory to upper face and cornea
2. Maxillary: sensory to middle face
3. Mandibular: sensory to temporal region, lower face, and ant. 2/3 of tongue; motor to muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, ant. digastric, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani

Front 39

CN 6

Back 39

Abducens nerve
Innervates lateral rectus muscle

Front 40

CN 7

Back 40

Facial nerve
2 parts
1. Motor: innervates muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, posterior digastric, stapedius
2. Intermedius: sense of taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue and parasympathetic to lacrimal, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Front 41

CN 8

Back 41

Vestibulocochlear nerve
2 parts
1. Vestibular: innervates semicircular canals, utriculus and sacculus (sense of equilibrium)
2. Cochlear: innervates cochlea (hearing)

Front 42

CN 9

Back 42

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Innervation:
Motor: stylopharyngeus
Sensory: post. 1/3 of tongue, mucous membrane of post. 1/3 of tongue and upper pharyx (gag reflex), carotid sinus
Parasympathetic: parotid gland

Front 43

CN 10

Back 43

Vagus nerve
Innervation:
Motor: pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
Sensory: taste buds on epiglottis
Parasympathetic: thoracic and abdominal viscera (to hindgut level, then pelvic splanchnic)

Front 44

CN 11

Back 44

Spinal accessory nerve
Innervaes the SCM and trapezius

*Enters via foramen magnum and exits through jugular foramen*

Front 45

CN 12

Back 45

Hypoglossal nerve
Innervates muscles of the tongue

Front 46

Why do some people lose their sense of taste when they have an ear infection?

Back 46

Inflammation and swelling in the ear can compress the chordae timpani (CN 5 and 7), which leads to innervation of the taste buds on the ant. 2/3 of the tongue

Front 47

How does the vagus nerve innervate the larynx?

Back 47

Via the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 48

What does the tensor tympani muscle do?

Back 48

Tenses the tympanic membrane; this helps to dampen severe (loud) ossilations (sounds)

Front 49

What is the optic chiasm?

Back 49

Where the nasal fibers of the optic nerve cross; if the chiasm is cut, the person loses the nasal retina on both sides = tunnel vision

Front 50

What can worsening tunnel vision be a sign of?

Back 50

A pituitary tumor