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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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know the biohazard logo and container
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red bin for contaminated cultures, waste with infectious agents, contaminated water, anything that could be contaminated
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sharps container
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for needles, plastic pipette tips, blades, contaminate glass
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broken glass container
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for clean and uncontaminated glass waste, used microscope slides
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pathological waste
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white waste container for organs, parts from trauma, surgery, medical procedures, parts injectd with human pathgen
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dissecting microscope
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for 8-35x
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compound light microscope
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40-1000x magnification ocular lens is x10 then the objective are scanning (x4), low power x10, high power x40 and oil immersion x 100 |
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viewing through a microscope
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everything upside down and mirrored, so moving up moves down in the microscope, moving left moves right in the microscope. |
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prepared slides vs wet mount slides
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prepared is permanent, wet mount is temporary
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Daphnia
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water flea with clear body like strucute with a long intesting and antler like appendages coming out
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Diameter Field of View equation
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(Diameter of a)(Magnitude A)= (Dia of b)(mag b)
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diameters of the 4 powers under a light microscoper
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4mm, 2mm, .4mm, .2 mm
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as magnitude increases..
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diameter of field of view decreases, working distance, depth of field, light intensity all decrease
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Daphnia vs Simocephalus
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both are clear and have clear body with the appendages, but daphnia have eggs inside them that are visible. daphnia has a pointed tail while simocephalus is not as long **daphnia has tail and tiny legs, simcephalus has collar like cell, a bit darker, no legs |
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anabaena under microscope
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long chains of cyanobacteria cells, lined up single file, green from chloroplasts
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euglena
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protis that is green, tear drop shaped
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paramecium under microscope
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very elongated, white looking with green chloroplasts many visible
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hydra
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cnidarian, jelly shaped. polyp/medusa shaped with thick base with hairs coming out from it.
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condenser (part on microscope)
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the light that passes through this, the condenser, to focus the light on the specimen, on the slide supported by the microscope stage
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iris diaphragm
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built into the condenser which allows you to regulate the light intensity.
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monocular vs binocular
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one ocular lens vs two ocular lens.
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coarse and fine-focusing knob
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knob used to focus on the object. coarse if for rough focus then fine is for a sharp focus
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scientific method
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framework used to investigate issues starts with observation, to a question, to hypothesis to experiment to predictions, perform experiment to analysis to rejection/accept hypothesis |
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investagtion needs to be
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testable and falsifiable, controllable and measurable
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Callosobruchus maculatus
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the bean beetle/cowpea weevil that is affected by natural oils and sunflower oils so they can be used as a pesticide to protect the cowpeas
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vigna unguiculata
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the cowpea, that many bean beetle will try to attack.
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experimental procedure has...
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dependent variables, level of treatment (binary where the variable is present or absent/ continuous where they are different gradients of the variable), replication(trials), controls
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different between male and femal Callosobruchus maculatus
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females, longer, rounder tail, darker, black wings/back males, shorter and chubbier, flat tail, brown wings |
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table vs figures
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table is a graph while figures are graphs, diagrams, drawings, flowcharts, photographs, maps, etc.)
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line graph vs bar graph
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line graphs for chnage in queantity of chosen variable to emphasize rise and fall of values, bar graphs for data that represent separate or discontinuous groups or non-numerical categories. |
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structure of research papers (primary sources)
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title, abstract, intro, methods and materials, results, discussion, references.
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genotype vs phenotype
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genotype is the genetic make, set of allels, phenotype is the physical makeup, determined by genes and environment |
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gene
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heritable unit that may influence a trait
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alleles and locus
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alleles are alternative dna sequences at same physical gene locus locus is site on chromosome where gene located. |
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darwin
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didn't know genes exists. publish origin of species. theory of natural selection as driving force of evolution. descent with modification
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natural selection
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process in which fittest organisms survive, find mates and reproduce. which results in their specific phenotypes being selcted for. fitness is defined as ability of organism to survive and find a mate and produce offspring. |
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macroevolution vs microevolution
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macro is evolution above the species level, micro is the species adapting the main difference. speciation (allopatric and sympatric) |
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hardy weingberg principle
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p2 + 2pq+ q2=1 p+q=1 |
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5 conditions of hardyweingberg equilibrium
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no mutations no gene flow no natural selection random mating large population |
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gene flow
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migration of individuals to share traits, leave traits, etc |
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genetic drift
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by chance, the bottleneck effect, founder effect
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PTC
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phenylthiocarbamide. chemical with bitter taste. tasters dominant. example of incomplete dominant because heterozygotes do not have full expression of either allele
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types of selctio
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stabilizing, disruptive, directional
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sickle cell disease
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autosomal recessive allele that causes sickle cells. people have this thing called heterozygote advantage that gives them protection from malaria.
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allopatric vs sympatric
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allopatric is separated by geographic barrier
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molecular clock hypothesis
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changes of genetic material of isolated populations are due to mutations that occur at constant rates. scientist are able to determine point when two specis diverged mutations spontaneously at constant rates |
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darwins finches
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when populations diverge, genetically different, may loose ability to interbreede so they would say speciation occured, when these were isolated on different islands, diff beak size.
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behavior
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response of organism to stimulus that can be external or internal or both such as mating behavior
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homeostasis
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organisms tendency to keep internal conditions constant
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learned behavior vs innate
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learned is from experiences such as imprinting, habituation, conditioning innate is inherited such as reflecxed, fixed action patterns, instincts |
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proximate vs ultimate cause
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proximate is immediate cause for behavior ultimate is adaptive value |
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taxis verses kinese
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orientation behavior taxis is directional behavior in response to stimule, towards or away kinesis is non directional movement (positve or negative would be increase or decrease in movement.) |
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agonistic behavior
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conflict behavior, threatening, agression, submission
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reproductive behavior
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series of activites for finding a mate, courting, and mating, species specific
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black planaria
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freshwater worms, exhibited negative phototaxis
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chemotaxis in paramecium
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experienced acetic acid as a chemorepellant
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betta splendens agonistic display
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they flare out their fins and gill covers to appear more impressive for courtship or intimidation. have high intesity of their ventral fins and pectoral fins in front of mirror. |
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fins on betta fish
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dorsal up top, pectoral is on the side, pelvic is front side bottomish, anal is bottom, caudal is tail fin
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bacteria
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unicellular proks that lack nuclus and membrane bound organelles, have nucleoid
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gram positive vs gram negative
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gram positive has peptidoglycan as celll wall and stain crystal violet when stained while negative has thin layer of peptidoglycan with and extra wall and layer of lipopolysaccharide
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antibiotics |
type of antimicrobial drug used for treatment of bacterial infections
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types of antibiotics
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penicillin to affect cell wall synthesis, also b-lactam antibiotics |
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aminoglycosides and tetracyclines
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inhibit protein synthesis streptomycin is aminoglycosides |
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broad spectrum vs narror spectrum |
broad treats large range of bacterial infections, narror is specific.
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antibiotic sensitivity test
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to experiement effectiveness of diffferent tupes of antibiotics on different species of bacteria. then measure of the zone of inhibition |
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staphylococcus aureus
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gram positive that is highly susceptible to penicillin and intermediatly susceptible to tetracycline and streptomycin
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Escherichia coli
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gram negative that is resistant to penicillin and intermediately susceptible to tetracyclin and streptomycin
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shapes of bacteria
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coccus is spherical, bacillus is rod like, spirillum is spiral
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capsules
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around cell wall that make themmore virulent or infectious, more attatchment aid too.
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endospores
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for nutrient deprivation, allows them to survive extreme stress during high temp, desication, high uv radiation.
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gram negative bacillus
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salmonella typhimurium, also endotoxins
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gram negative spiral
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treponema pallidum
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gram positive bacillus
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clostridium botulinum
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gram positive coccus
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streptococcus pnuemoniae
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order of gram staining
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heat fix with bunsen burner to slide flood with crystal violet, rinse flood with grams iodine which is used as mordant thenrinse and apply safranin as the counterstain |
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gymnosperms vs angiosperms
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both are vasulcar plants with true stems and roots and leaves and are seed plants. both have dominatnt sporophyte and reduced gametophyte. gamteophyte dependent on surrounding sporophyte for nutrition gymnosperms are seed bearing plants that dont prduce flowers or fruits. naked seeds angiosperms have seeds enclosed in an ovary. flowering plants gymno are like cones and pollen cones angio spers have flowers with the gametophytes on the anthers and ovules |
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charophytes
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the outgroup, closest related protists to land plants
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phyla of gymnosperms
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coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkophyta, gnetophyta. ginkgo have online one extant species.
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flowering plants/ angiosperms and magnoliophyta
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have pollen grain with 2 haploid inside anthers and the mbryo sac with 8 haploid nuclie inside the ovule. have ddouble fertilization which is diploid zygote and triploid endosperm taht provided nutrition for developing embryo
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parts of flower
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stamen is the male parts with anther and filament, carpel is femal with stigma style and ovary |
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Monocot vs dicot
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monocot have one cotyledon, parallel veins, scatered vascular tissue, fibrous root, pollen grain with one opening, multiple of three petals dicot has two cotyledons, veinsa re netlike, ring vascular tissue, taproot, three opening on pollengrain, flowers multiples of four or five |
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difference in angiosperm and gymnosperm life cycle
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gymno by wind while angioos by pollination angios have 3n stage with endosperm. sperm of angios go into the ovule to fertilize and release sperm again |
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chondrichthyes
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sharks belong to this class along with rays, ratfishes they have cartilaginous skeleton, jawed vertabrates with paird fins and placoid dermal scales, thick skin, ectothermic. have internal fertlization. are ovoviviparous so they fertilize internally, but no placental connection because of egg, they hatch inside mothers and nourished by egg yolk. have claspers on pelvic fins where sperm enters the females cloaca. have spiracles which are gill slits and spines on dorsal fins and they have gills. oil filled liver, trwo chambered heart, spiral valve as part of small intestine |
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amphibia
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includes frogs, toads, salamanders, newts go through metamorphosis from tadopole to adule. external fertillization, fat bodies. tadpoles have tail for locomoton tadpoles grow front legs to become froglets then lose tail to become adult frog once build lungs and back legs. ectothermic so temp depends on environment. 3 chambered hearts, moist skin larval stage in the water |
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sharks
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5 gill slits, ovoviviparous, internal fertilization, carnivores, spiral valve in intestines
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finds on sharks
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have 2 dorsal fins with spine caudal fin at the back pectoral fin on the sides pelvic fin on the side back anal fin on the bottom |
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advantages of life on land
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little competition, absence of predators, abundance of plants and insects, high co2
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anura (frogs and toads)
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long hind legs, short body, webbed digits, aquatic larval stage called tadpoles, all predators of insects and small vertabrates
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ecology
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the study of interatctions between living organisms and envrionment
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abiotic factors vs biotics
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abiotic is non living such as light, temp, air, water wind humidity, ph, biotic is living facots such as other organisms that share habitat |
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levels of organization
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population-same species in area community-all populations in same habitat ecosystem-community plue environment biosphere-all ecosystmes on the planet |
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foodchaine
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linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass on as one organism eats another.. has tropic lev |
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trophic levels
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produces that capture light and energy and transfer to organic moleecules consumer taht consumer producers. herbivores, carnivores and omnivores apex consumers are the top of food chain decomposers (fungi, bacteria, earthworms, dung beetle, insects, etc.) that consumer organic waste and dead organisms (saprobes and detrivores) recycle the nutrients for the producers |
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foodweb
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relationships of predators and more trophci levels as a web/network of arrows to what they eat. so can eat form more than one level.
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ecological pyramids. pyramid of energy
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producers capture 1% of energy of sun and then only 10% of every level gets passed on so the primary consumer will only get .1% of energy and so on.
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pyramid of biomass
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total mass of organisms at each trophic level in pyramid similar to that of light where they get thinner but can also be inverted in marine ecosystmes |
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survivorship curves
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graphs to show what fraction of population survives type 1: humans and primates, rhino,whale. survive when youn but die elderly type 2: bird species: die equally at every time interval type 3: trees, marine invertabrates, fish,. die young and if survive have long lives |
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pollutions
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accumulation of byproducts of human activity in air, water, and soil that disturbs ecosystem and balance of environment
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indicator organisms
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used to determne effect of pollutant on the organism |
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biassay
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sensitivity of indicator organisms to polluants provide a bioassay of impact of given pollutant
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LC50
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the lethal concentration of a pullutant that kills 50% of indicator organisms within specific time of exposure. in lab, use lamba cyhalothrin at concentrations of .001% to.004% |
