Biotechnology

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Transgenic Organism

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An organism that carries a gene from another species

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Recombinant DNA

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A combination of DNA from two or more different organisms

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What is the DNA treated with in Recombinant DNA process?

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Restriction Enzyme- cuts DNA into fragments leaving a segment out called "sticky side"

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What other DNA molecule is involved in the Recombinant DNA process?

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Plasmid

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What are the fragments remaing from human DNA and Plasmid DNA called?

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Vectors

They are mixed together and join to from the recombinant DNA

Then copy themselves and synthesize human protein and are recoverable

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Where does gene transfer originate from in transgenic crops?

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Plant, Animal, Fungi or Bacteria

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Transgenic Crop

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Transgenic give unqiue trait to plant allowing it to become immune to:

Herbicides
Insects
Viral or Fungral Diseases

It also can increase nutritional value of plant
Dietary deficiency

Being used in 2 dozen countries

Available worldwide

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Examples of Transgenic Plants and Animals

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Transgenic Tobacco plants used to produce hGH

Recombinant DNA used to make Insulin

Golden Rice used produce Vitamin A

Recombinant makes factor VIII, protein that helps blood clots form in hemophilia

Human tissue typing transfer of HLA in pigs allows pig to develop human lungs for transfer

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Negative Aspects of Transgenic Organism

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Reduction of Biodiversity

Environmental Effects

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Can Transgenic Organisms be used to study human diseases?

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Yes, the Human Genome Project sequenced all the human genes and plant and animal gnes and iscovered many gens found in humans genome were present in other species including mouse and drosophilia

B/c of this animal models are being researched

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Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

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Produced in 1985

No possibility of contamination with disease causing agents

Used to treat serious growth disorders

Recombinant DNA technology used

Transferred gene for hGH from a human cell DNA to a bacteria cell

created a transgenic ogranism

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Recombinant DNA Technology

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molecules are nucleic acid sequences that result from the use of laboratory methods (molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in biological organisms

- DNA treated with restriction enzyme, cuts the DNA at specific sites, produce “sticky end”
- Bacterial plasmid cut with same enzyme
- Plasmid functions as vector and carries human DNA into bacteria
- Fragments of human DNA and plasmid mixed together and join (by complementary of bases)
- Plasmids enter the bacterial cells, copy themselves, carry recombinant DNA into bacteria
Bacteria express gene, synthesize the human protein, can be used for treatments, vaccines, or other purposes

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How Are Transgenic Plants Made?

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Using recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics

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Advantages of Transgenic Organisms

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Herbicide Reduction (less chemical populutin), insect resistant, growth in adverse conditions, pharmecuticulas (vaccinces in plants), improve nutrional value means cheaper food, less world hunger?

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Disadvantages of transgenic organisms

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Enviormental risks, transfer of transgenes to wild pnats, and reduction of biodiversity

Reduced effectivness of pesticides

Breaching nautrual barries between species

Forgien protiens in food chains, potential health risks (allergy, toxin)

Economic (patenting of seeds, "suicide gene")

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Transgenic Organism are used to study Human Diseases

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Human Genome Project, plant and animal genomoes, many shared genes aka understand the genetic make up of a human species

Transgenic Animal-A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome

Transgenic animal models of human disease study drug treatments and causes of disease

Curly Tail mouse- Neural tube defect

Rhino Mouse- Immune deficiency conditions

Obese mouse- weight-loss product