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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the scale that collects data within various categories possessing a natural order but do not necessarily have quantifiable or equal intervals?
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ordinal scale
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What is an ordinal scale?
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What is the scale that collects data within various categories possessing a natural order but do not necessarily have quantifiable or equal intervals
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What type of scal is the FIM scale?
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ordinal
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What type of scale is the 360 degree Global Rating Scale?
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ordinal
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What type of scale is disease staging?
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ordinal
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What is the scale that collects data in unordered, named categories?
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nominal scale
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What type of scale is temperature measured on a Farenheit scale?
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interval scale
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What type of scale uses measurements with equal units between each category, but the zero point is arbitrary?
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interval scale
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What is an interval scale?
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What type of scale uses measurements with equal units between each category, but the zero point is arbitrary
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What is a ratio scale?
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intervals between measurements are equal, but the zero point on the scale is not arbitrary.
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What is a scale in which the intervals between measurements are equal, but the zero point on the scale is not arbitrary?
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ratio scale
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What type of scales are height and weight?
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ratio scales
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What are the three most common measures for continuous measurement data?
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mode, median, and mean
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What are 3 examples of continuous data?
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BMI, range of motion, serum HDL, systolic blood pressure
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What is mode?
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the most comon value in the data set
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What is the most common value in the data set?
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mode
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What two terms are used if there is two or three peak frequencies in a data set?
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bimodal or trimodal
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What is the median?
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50th percentile value i.e. half of the values in data set are above the median and the other half below.
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What is the 50th percentile value i.e. half of the values in data set are above the median and the other half below?
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median
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What is the mean?
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average value of the observations
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What is the average value of the observations?
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mean
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In what shaped distribution curve will the mode, median, and mean all be the same?
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a symmetric bell-shaped curve
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What are the three most common measures of variability for continuous measurement data?
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range, standard deviation, and standard error
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What is range?
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difference obtained by subtracting the lowest value from the highest value
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What is difference obtained by subtracting the lowest value from the highest value?
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range
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What is standard deviation?
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a function of variance in the data compared to the population mean
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What is a function of variance in the data compared to the population mean?
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standard deviation
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What is the formula for standard deviation?
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square root of the variance
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What is standard error?
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expected error in estimating population mean using a sample of a certain size
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What is expected error in estimating population mean using a sample of a certain size?
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standard error
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What is the formula for standard error?
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standard deviation/square root of sample size
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What is standard deviation/square root of sample size?
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formular for standard error
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What is a symmetric bell-shaped distribution that matches the empirical distribution of many continuous medical measures?
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normal distribution of Gaussian or bell curve
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What is the Z-score unit?
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1 standard deviation
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What is 1 standard deviation?
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a Z-score unit
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What represents the number of standard deviations away a value is from the population mean?
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Z-score
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+/-1 Z includes what percentage of the observations or area under the bell curve?
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68%
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What is proportional to the area under the bell curve?
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frequency or probability of the observations
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+/-1.96 Z is about what percentage area under the bell curve?
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95%
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+/- 3 Z is about what percentage area under the curve?
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99.7%
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What is a t-score?
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the number of standard deviations a sample value is above or below in a chosen population.
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What is the number of standard deviations a sample value is above or below in a chosen population?
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t-score
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What is the number of SDs above or below a matched target population average (an average person of the same age, race, and gender)?
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z-score
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What is a way to draw a conclusion, using a sample, concerning characteristics or outcomes in the larger population of patients?
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a statistical test
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Whta represents a hypothesis that a researcher hopes to disprove in order to support an alternative hypothesis?
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null hypothesis
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What is the probalility that the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true?
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Type I error
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What is the probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is really false?
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Type II error
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Upon what two factors does a Type II error depend?
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*magnitude of the difference measured in the data set
*sample size |
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What is the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis?
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Statistical power
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What is the probability that a set of observations would be produced by random chance alone?
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p-value
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What is the p-value?
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The probability that a set of observations would be produced by random chance alone.
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If the p-value is less than what value the results are considered statitically significant?
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Type I error or alpha level (the probability that the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true)
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What is the relationship between p-value and Type I error (alpha level) for the results to considered statistically significant?
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P-value must be smaller than the Type I error (alpha level).
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The p-value is 0.001 and the alpha level is 0.001. Are the results significant?
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no; the p-value is not smaller than the alpha level
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What is the number of values that are allowed to vary and assume any value in a statistic?
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degrees of freedom
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What is the precision of measurements obtained from a sample?
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confidence interval
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What is confidence interval?
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the precision of measurements obtained from a sample
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What does the confidence interval represent?
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the probability that a value falls within an interval, signifying that the hypothesis is true
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What value is at the center of the confidence interval in a normal distribution, and contained withing symmetric upper and lower bounds of the confidence interval?
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mean value
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What two distributions are used to set the bounds of the confidence interval?
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z- or t-distributions
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What two confidence intervals are usually used?
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95% - alpha 0.05 or
99% - alpha 0.01 |
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What is the conclusion of overlapping confidence intervals?
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no difference, or not statistically different
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What is a t-test?
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a statistical analysis tool that uses a t-distribution to estimate the probabilities of various possible outcomes
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What distribution is more suitable when there is greater uncertainty and sampling variability? a normal distribution or a t-distribution?
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t-distribution
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What are 3 characteristics of a t-distribution?
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symmetric
unimodal bell-shaped |
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Under what two conditions is a t-distribution more suitable than a normal distribution?
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greater uncertaintly and sampling variability
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What do all statistical tests try to estimate?
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the probability that an outcome could be observed as a chance fluctuation
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What test involves estimating the probability that an outcome could be observed as a chance fluctuation?
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a statistical test
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What is another name for a cohort study?
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longitudinal study
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What study involves dividing a specific group by initial exposure status to a particular variable?
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cohort or longitutinal study
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What is the rate at which an outcome occurs per time interval?
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absolute risk or incidence
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What is the absolute risk or incidence?
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the rate at which an outcome occurs per time interval
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What is the risk ratio also known as?
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relative risk
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What is the relative risk or risk ratio?
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comparision of the probabilities of developing an outcome from exposed and unexposed subgroups
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What is the comparision of the probabilities of developing an outcome from exposed and unexposed subgroups?
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relative risk or risk ratio
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What is a relative risk of 0.50?
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50%
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What is the meaning of a relative risk of 1?
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no relation to exposure status and outcome because both groups have equal odds of developing the outcome
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What is the relative risk value of no relation to exposure status and outcome because both groups have equal odds of developing the outcome
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1
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What is it called, for example, when a clinical trial gives the sickest patients the newest treatment?
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sample bias
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What is done to avoid selection bias in the outcome of a clinical trial?
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double blinding
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What is the study design comparing a group diagnosed with a disease or condition with a control group lacking it?
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case-control
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Are case-control studies usually prospective or retrospective?
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retrospective
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Are longitudinal or cohort studies usually prospective or retrospective?
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prospective
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What is the formula for the odds ratio?
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odds of case exposure/odds of control exposure
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What ratio is used in cohort studies?
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risk ratio or relative risk
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What is the study design comparing a group diagnosed with a disease or condition with a control group lacking it?
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case-control
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Are case-control studies usually prospective or retrospective?
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retrospective
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Are longitudinal or cohort studies usually prospective or retrospective?
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prospective
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What is the formula for the odds ratio?
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odds of case exposure/odds of control exposure
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What ratio is used in cohort studies?
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risk ratio or relative risk
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What ratio is used in a case-control study?
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odds ratio
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An odds ratio of 1.74 indicates what increased occurance risk?
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74%
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What are not available for a case-control study, that are available to a cohort or longitudinal study, because cases and controls are not drawn from a definable denominator in a case-control study?
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risks
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What type of study follows a defined exposure group over time and provides estimated risks and relative risks?
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cohort study
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What type of study follows 1 exposed population, compares it to an unexposed control population and generates odds ratios?
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case-control study
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What ratio is used in a case-control study?
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odds ratio
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An odds ratio of 1.74 indicates what increased occurance risk?
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74%
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What are not available for a case-control study, that are available to a cohort or longitudinal study, because cases and controls are not drawn from a definable denominator in a case-control study?
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risks
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What type of study follows a defined exposure group over time and provides estimated risks and relative risks?
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cohort study
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What type of study follows 1 exposed population, compares it to an unexposed control population and generates odds ratios?
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case-control study
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Risks are not available for what kind of study because cases and controls are not drawn from a definable denominator?
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case-control
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Why are not risks available for case control studies?
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because cases and controls are not drawn from a definable denominator
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What type of study represents a snapshot of data at one point in time?
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cross-sectional study
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What rates are derived from a cross-sectional study?
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prevelance rates
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What is prevelance rate?
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proportions with various characteristics
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What is the proportion with various characteristics or average values of variables?
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prevalence rates
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What is prevalence?
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total number of people with a condition in the population
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What is the prevalence rate?
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percentage of cases found in the population with the condition
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What is the percentage of cases found in the population with the condition?
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prevalence rate
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What is incidence?
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number of new cases of a condition in a given year
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What is the number of new cases of a condition in a given year?
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incidence
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What is incidence rate?
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percentage of new cases of a condition that have developed in the population in a given year
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What is the percentage of new cases of a condition that have developed in the population in a given year?
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incidence rate
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What two types of studies are most always prospective?
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cohort (longitudinal) and clinical trials
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What two types of studies are most always retrospective?
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case reports and case-control studies
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What must be large enough to avoid Type II errors?
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sample size
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What refers to the reproducibility of a study?
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reliability
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What term describes the accuracy of a study?
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validity
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What is bias?
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distortion of data from the methodology of data collection or patient selection
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What is distortion of data from the methodology of data collection or patient selection?
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bias
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What is picking or using patients that favor a particular outcome?
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selection bias
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What is selection bias/
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picking or using patients that favor a particular outcome
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What is sampling bias?
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prejudice towards or against a certain outcome due to an incomplete/insufficient representation of the population.
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What is prejudice towards or against a certain outcome due to an incomplete/insufficient representation of the population?
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sampling bias
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What approval is a legal requirement prior to research involving human subjects?
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institutional review board
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What are the two main measures of comparability of tests?
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sensitivity and specificity
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What is sensitivity?
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presence of clinical problem in those patient known to have it
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What is the presence of the clinical problem in those known to have it?
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sensitivity
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What is specificity?
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absence of the clinical problem in those patients known not to have the condition
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What is the absence of the clinical problem in those patients known not to have the condition?
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specificity
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What is positive predictive value?
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probability that a positive test is truly positive
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What is the probability that a positive test is truy positive?
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positive predictive value
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What is the probability that a negative test is truly negative?
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negative predictive value
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What is negative predictive value?
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the probability that a negative test is truly negative
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What type of error is generated when a test is negative in someone who is known to have a disease?
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type II or false negative
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What type of error is generated when a test is positive is someone known not to have a disease?
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type I or false positive
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What is the equation for sensitivity?
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true positive divided by true positive + false positive
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What is the equation for specificity?
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true negative divided by false positive + true negative
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What is the equation for positive predictive value?
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true positive divided by true positive + false positive
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What is the equation for negative predictive value?
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true negative divided by false negative + true negative
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What is true negative divided by false negative + true negative?
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negative predictive value
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What is true positive divided by true positive + false positive?
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positive predictive value
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What is true negative divided by false positive + true negative?
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specificity
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What is true positive divided by true positive + false negative?
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sensitivity
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