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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Case-control study?
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compares a group w/ a disease to a group w/o to yield an odds ratio.
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What is a co-hort study?
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compares a group w/ a risk factor to a group w/o to yield a relative risk.
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What is a cross-sectional study?
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data taken from a group of people to assess the frequency of a disease/related risk factors at a given time. measures prevalence.
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What is a meta-analysis?
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pools data from a lot of studies; limitations include quality of studies studied & publication bias.
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What is prevalence?
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total cases in pop at a given time/ toltal pop at risk
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What is incidence?
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new cases in pop in given time period/ total pop at risk at that time
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What is sensitivity?
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percent of people w/ a disease that test +; high value SNOUT= SeNsitivity Rules OuT.
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What is specificity?
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percent of people w/o a disease that test -; high value SPIN= Specificity rules IN.
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What is a positive predictive value?
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probability that the person testing + actually has the disease; PPV= a/a+b
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What is a negative predictive value?
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probability that the person testing - truely doesn't have the disease. NPV= d/d+c
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What is an odds ratio?
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calculated in case control studies; odds of having a disease in the exposed group vs the unexposed group; a/b/c/d
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What is relative risk?
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calculated for cohort studies; probability of getting a disease in the exposed group vs the unexposed group; a/a+b/c/c+d
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What is attributable risk?
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difference in risk b/w exposed & unexposed groups; a/a+b - c/c+d
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What is precision vs accuracy?
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precision is consistency & reproducibility ( reliability) of a test while accuracy is the trueness of the test measurments (validity.
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What is meant by a positively skewed curve?
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asymmetry w/tail on the right; mean> median> mode.
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What is meant by a negatively skewed curve?
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asymmetry w/tail on the left; mode> median> mean.
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What is a type I error?
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saying that there is a relationship when there's not; false rejection of Null hypothesis. alpha level < .05 for most studies must not exceed 5%.
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What is type II error?
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saying that there is not a relationship when there is one; false rejection of alternative hypothesis (H1). beta is the probability of this error occuring in a study.
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What is power?
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power is the probability that your hypothesis (Null or H1) is true. power= 1-beta (type II error)
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What is a t-test?
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difference in means of 2 groups.
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What is ANOVA?
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difference in means of 3 or more groups.
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What is a chi-square test?
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compares proportions (not means) of 2 or more groups.
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What is an APGAR score?
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score is indicative of level of "liveliness". 0-10 score based on appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, & respiration; taken at 1 min & 5 min.
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What is a normal BMI?
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18.5- 24.9kg
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How often does REM sleep occur?
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q90min.
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What is positive reinforcement?
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when a desired reward increases beh; operant conditioning.
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What is negative reinforcement?
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when an undesired stimulus is removed in order to increase a beh; operant conditioning.
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When does Babinski reflex disappear?
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12-14m.
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When do kids start walking?
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15m.
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When do kids tiolet train?
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30-36m.
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What are beta waves?
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eyes open, awake waves; highest freq/ lowest amplitude. alpha waves are awakes w/eyes shut.
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What are theta waves?
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light sleep; approx 5% of sleep time.
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Where is most time spent during sleep?
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45% of sleep is in stage 2 sleep w/ spindles/ K complexes.
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Where does the deepest non-REM sleep occur?
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stage 3-4 (approx 25% of sleep time); delta waves; night terrors, bed-wetting, sleep walking. this is slow wave sleep (as opposed to wakefulness).
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How much sleep time is REM?
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approx 25%.
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