Bios 357 Exam 1

Front 1

What is the definition of Anatomy? Physiology?

Back 1

Anatomy- study of the structure of the body

Physiology- study of the function of the body

Front 2

What are the levels of organization of a human beginning with the smallest?

Back 2

1. Chemical level

2. cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. Organ system level

6. Organismal Level

Front 3

What are homeostasis, homeostasis feedback and circuit?

Back 3

Homeostasis- body's ability to maintain relative stable internal conditions even though the outside world is constantly changing.

Homeostasis feedback- there is negative feedback and positive feed back

=negative feedback- opposes variation. Goal is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.*most common feedback

=Positive feedback- exaggerates response to stimulus. Want to increase the original stimulus.*only found in labor and clotting of blood.

Homeostasis Circuit- When an imbalance occurs in the body this circuit is the process that fixes it. It goes as follows: 1. Receptor-monitors variable and reports. 2. Control Center- Commands 3. Effector- produces response.

=

Front 4

What are the organ systems of a human?

Hint there are 12. 11 if you don't split the last one into gender categories.

Back 4

1. Integumentary-skin

2. Skeletal- bones

3. Muscular- muscles

4. Nervous- nerves, spinal cord, brain

5. Endocrine- Glands that secrete hormones

6. Cardiovascular- blood vessels, heart

7.Lymphatic- thoracic duct, lymph nodes and vessels

8. Respiratory- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung

9. Digestive - food related

10. Urinary - kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

11. Male reproductive system

12. Female reproductive system

Front 5

What is the anatomical position?

Back 5

Body facing you with feet together and facing forward. Arms against sides and palms facing front.

Front 6

What are the subatomic particles, their charge, and where are they found?

Back 6

1. Protons, +1, in the nucleus

2. Electron, -1, in the electron cloud

3. Neutron, 0, in the nucleus

Front 7

Understand the octet rule. How does this contribute to the formation of chemical bonds?

Back 7

Octet rule is basically that any atom wants its outer most shell filled so that it is stable. This contributes to the formation of chemical bonds because the atoms interact in a way that they will have eight electrons in their valence shell. They do this by giving or taking electrons or sharing them.

Front 8

What are the major types of chemical bonds?

Back 8

1. Ionic Bands- electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

2. Covalent Bonds- Electrons are shared among the atoms.

3. Hydrogen Bonds- formed when a hydrogen atom bond to a nitrogen or oxygen,

Front 9

Understand the chemical reactions discussed in class.

Synthesis Reaction

Decomposition Reaction

Back 9

Synthesis Reaction- A+B--> AB

They are being added. Energy absorbed. Anabolic activities. Think about growth and repair of worn-out or damaged tissues.

Decomposition Reaction- AB--> A+B

They are being broken down. Think De-stroy. Energy released. Catabolic activities. Think digestion of foods into their building blocks.

Front 10

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar compounds?

Back 10

Polar- one end has a stronger pull. Like a water molecule.

Nonpolar- neither atom has a stronger pull they are equal.

Front 11

What is the pH scale, what is considered acidic, basic, what is a buffer?

Back 11

pH scale runs from 0-14 and each successive change of 1 pH unit represents a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.

7=neutral

Below 7 is acidic (H+)

Above 7 is basic (alkaline) (OH-)

Buffers- are weak acids and bases that act to maintain pH stability by taking up excess H+ and OH- ions.

Front 12

Why is it important for the body to maintain blood pH?

Back 12

Because blood comes into close contact with nearly every body cell. That is why regulation of blood pH is especially critical. If pH were to dip into acid range the amount of life-sustaining oxygen drops dangerously low in the blood.

Front 13

Understand the basics of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Back 13

Carbohydrates- C,H,O 1:2:1 ratio

Used for energy and cell signaling

Glycogen is a storage form of glucose

Lipids- relatively nonpolar

Energy long term as triglyceride. Used for insulation, steroid hormones, cell membranes

Amino Acids

basic building block of protien

structure "R" group determines which amino acid

Shape and other properties of a protein are determined by the precise sequence of amino acids- *Structure affects function

Front 14

What are specific forms of long term energy storage and short term energy storage in the

body?

Back 14

Long term energy storage- Triglycride

Short Term energy storage- Glycogen

Front 15

What is the energy currency of the cell?

Back 15

??? ATP???

Front 16

What is an enzyme, what is the function?

Back 16

Enzyme is a functional proteins that act as catalysts. It lowers the activation energy of a reaction. Note" it facilitates reaction, NOT part of the reaction.

Front 17

What is a salt?

Back 17

Conducts electricity after dissolved??? look up

Front 18

Understand hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Back 18

Hydrophilic- loves water

Hydrophobic-hates water

Front 19

Know the components of the cell membrane: lipid bilayer, integral vs peripheral proteins,

glycocalyx, pores, channels in the cell membrane

Back 19

Plasma Membrane Proteins

Intergral-within

Peripheral=inner or outer

Membrane Carbohydrates:

Glycocalyx-"sugarcoat" its a marker, cell-cell recognition, anchor, protect

facilitated diffusion uses a channel protein or carrier protein

Front 20

Know the major organelles

and their functions: Lets start with the cytoplasm Which has three major elements

Back 20

1. cytosol

2. Organells

3. Inclusions

Front 21

Nucleus is contained by what?

Also what does it contain?

Chemical language of the cell?

what allows communication with the cytoplasm

Back 21

1. nuclear envelope

2.DNA

3. Genetic code

4. Nuclear pores

Front 22

Nucleoli or nucleolus is located where?

What does it synthesize?

Back 22

1. Nucleus

2. ribosomes

Front 23

Ribosomes can be either _______or _________.

they are the site of ________synthesis and if they are found on the _______________ they are attached

Back 23

1. free, attached

2. protein

3. rough ER

Front 24

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has ____________attached to it which ___________proteins. They also have transport vesivles that move proteins _________the cell.

Back 24

1. ribosomes

2. synthesizes

3. within

Front 25

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes ________.

Back 25

lipids

Front 26

Golgi Apparatus they _______and __________proteins for export

Back 26

modify, transport

Front 27

Mitochondria is the ________of the cell.

_____________is produced from food.

Cells with __metabolism have more mitochondria.

Back 27

Powerhouse

ATP

high

Front 28

Lysosome is know as the __________bomber because they contain ________that digest old organelles or microbes.

Back 28

suicide

enzymes

Front 29

Peroxisome- oxidase enzymes and ___________H202, alchohol ,fromaldehyde

Back 29

metabolize

Front 30

Cytoskeleton:

Microfilament are the smallest and are involved in __________ contraction and other types of ______cellular movement, help form the cell cytoskeleton.

Back 30

muscle

intra

Front 31

Cytoskeleton:

Intermediate filaments- ________cytoskeletal element and resists mechanical forces acting on the cell.

Back 31

stable

Front 32

Cytoskeleton:

Microtubules- the only one with at ________. It gives the cell ______ and gives it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. So it would have a ________ and ___________ potentially.

Back 32

large hollow hole.

support

flagella

cilia

Front 33

Understand the general process of protein

synthesis; understand the difference between

mRNA, tRNA, and (ribosomal) rRNA.

1. Transcription

2. Translation

Back 33

1. Copy instructions from DNA to RNA

2. mRNA moves through nuclear pore to a ribosome in cytoplasm. rRNA surrounds strand of mRNA

tRNA- transfers amino acids to mRHNA

mRNA- messenger

rRNA- ribosomal

tRNA- transfer

Front 34

Understand the different types of membrane transport at the plasma membrane and these

terms: diffusion, osmosis, passive vs active transport, ATPase pumps, vesicular transport,

(endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis)

Back 34

Passive uses NO energy and Active uses energy.

Diffusion: passive- stuff moves from high to low concentration. uses the concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion uses a carrier protein or channel.

Osmosis- water moving across membrane

Vesicular transport-is active. Exocytosis- transport out of cell. Endocytosis transport into cell. Phagocytosis into foreign material

Front 35

What are the 4 tissue categories in the body?

Back 35

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

Front 36

What are the characteristics and functions of epithelium?

Back 36

Functions: protect, secrete, absorb, sensation, barrier

Characteristics: closely packed cells

Polar- and has apical surface and basal surface

Avascular

high regeneration

Front 37

Which type of epithelium is best suited for absorption? Protection?

Back 37

Absorption- simple

Protection- stratified

Front 38

Know the types of epithelium and examples of where they are found in the body

hint only 6

Back 38

1. simple squamous- lining of the air sacs of the lungs

2. Simple cubiodal- found in the salivary glands in the mouth

3. Simple columnar- found in the Digestive tract: so stomach, small intestines, large intestines.

4. Stratified squamous- found epidermis (skin)

5. Pseudostratified columnar- trachea

6. Transitional- bladder

Front 39

Understand the types and functions of the intracellular connections: gap junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions,

Back 39

Gap junctions: for communication between cells

Desmosomes- secure flexible connections, resist twist and stretch

tight junctions- do not allow passage of material between cells.

Front 40

What type of tissue do they glands form from?

Back 40

Epithelial Tissue

Front 41

Know the difference between an exocrine and endocrine gland

Back 41

Exocrine- duct to outer surface

endocrine- no duct, into blood/ecf, hormones

Front 42

What are the different

types of exocrine gland secretion? (3)

Back 42

Merocrine- secretory vesicles by exocytosis (sweat, salivary)

Apocrine- cytoplasm is shed with the secretory vesicles (mammary glands)

Holocrine- entire cell packed with secretory vesicles burts, cell dies (sebaceous gland)

Front 43

Know the 3 main components of connective tissue: cell, ground substance, and fiber and

how each of these differs for the various connective tissue types.

Back 43

1. collagen–strongest, thick

-Dense regular and dense irregular

2. elastic–stretchy, recoil

3. reticular–thin supportive branching

Front 44

Know the major connective tissue types, their general functions, compositions, and where

you might find them

Back 44

1. Bone- pelvic bone- supports the body

2. Reticular- spleen-supporting framework in organs.

3.Areolar- around muscles-

packing unused spaces in the body.