Biopsychology 1

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neuron

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cells that receive and transmit electrochemical signals

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neroscience

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scientific study of the nervous system

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biopsychology

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study of biology of behavior

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neuroanatomy

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study structure of nervous system

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neurochemistry

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study chemical bases of neural activity

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neuroendocrinology

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study interaction between nervous and endocrine system

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neuropathology

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study of nervous system disordes

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neuropharmacology

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study effects of drugs on neural activity

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neurophysiobiology

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study of functions and activities of nervous system

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behavior is a product of what 3 factors

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genes experience and perception of the current situation

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darwins 3 pieces of evidence for evolution

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fossil evidence. structural similarities between living species. impact of selective breeding

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fitness

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ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation

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SPANDREL

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incidental non-adaptive by products (belly button)

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homologous structures

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similar structures due to a common evolutionary origin

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analogous structures

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similar structures without a common origin

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convergent evolution

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evolution of similar solutions to the same environmental demands by unrelated species

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brain size is correlated with

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body size

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brain stem

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regulates reflex activities crucial for survival

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cerebrum

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complex adaptive processes, such as learning, perception, motivaiton

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mirror neurons

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learn through mimicry

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counting neurons

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respond to number of objexts displayed

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evo psych

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trying to understand human behaviors through a consideration of the pressures that led to their evolution

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ontogeny

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development of individuals through the life span

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phylogeny

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evolutionary development of species

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CNS

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brain and spinal cord

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PNS

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outside brain and spine. brings info in and carries signals out of cns

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PNS 2 parts

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somatic nervous system and autonomic system

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somatic nervous system nerves

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afferent and efferent

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afferent nerves

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sensory

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efferent nerves

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motor

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autonomic nerve types

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sympathetic and parasympathetic... both are efferent

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2 stage neural pathway

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in ANS neruon exiting the cns synapses on a second-stage neuron before target organ

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evolutionary perspective

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comparative approach. learn from other species

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cognitive neuroscience

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connecting brain activity and cognition

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how is biopsy integrative

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knowledge from other disciplines is applied to the study of behavior

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why can much be learned from studying brains of other species?

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differences are more quantitative than qualitative

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why use nonhuman

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simple brain more likely that brain-behavior interaction is revealed. fewer ethical restrictions. comparative approach. general principles of brain function revealed

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quasiexperimental study

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groups of subjects exposed to conditions in real world. potential for confounded variables

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pure research

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for purpose of acquiring knowledge

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applied research

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intended to bring about some direct benefit to humankind

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korsakoff syndrome

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severe memory loss due to lack ot thiamine

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sympathetic nerve location

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ganglion is closer to cns than target

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parasympathetic nerve location

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ganglion closer to target than cns

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ganglion

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group of cell bodies

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sympathatic nerve location in body and purpose

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thoracolumbar. fight or flight.

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parasympathetic nerve location in body and purpose

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craniosacral and rest and restore

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number of cranial nerves and nerve type

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parasympathetic and 12

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vagus nerve

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to stomache

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I cranial nerve

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olfactory

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II cranial nerve

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optic

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CNS covered by

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three meninges

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three meninges in order

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dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

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cereobrospinal fluid

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fluid serves as cussion.

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subarachnoid space

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filled with CSF and larger blood vessels

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# of ventricles

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4

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what is in ventricles

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CSF

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connects ventricles

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cerebral aqueduct and central canal

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blood brain barrier

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tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls prevent entry of many molecules

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3 layers of brain protection

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skull meninges CSF

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4 types of neurons

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multipolar, unipolar, bipolar, interneurons

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processes in neuron

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axon and dendrite

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axon

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mainly sends info

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dendrite

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manly recieves info

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terminal button

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terminal branches

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synapse

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entire junction between communicating neurons

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synaptic cleft or gap

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space between neuron

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synaptic vesicles

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membrane packages that store neurotransmitters for release at synapse

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myelin

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fatty insulating susbtance that increases speed and efficiency of conduction of neuron impulses

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cell body

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soma

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axon hillock

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junction of soma and axon

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nodes of ranvier

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spaces between myelinated cells on axon

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neurotransmitter

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released from active neurons. influence activity of other cells

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multipolar neuron

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more than 2 processes from soma

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unipolar neuron

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1 process from soma

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bipolar neuron

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2 processes from neuron

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interneuron

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short or no axon

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ex of unipolar neuron

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somatosensory system like touch and pain

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ex of bipolar neuron

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vision and audtion

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ex of interneuron

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integrate activity within brain and CNS

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Glial cells that produce myelin

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oligodendrocytes and schwann

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oligodendrites

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in CNS and one covers many

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schwann cell

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in PNS and one covers one

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astrocyte

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largest glia. transport molecules

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microglia

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resposne to injury or disease

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cluster of cell bodies in CNS

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nuclie

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cluster of cell bodies in PNS

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ganglia

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bundles of axons in CNS

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tracts

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bundles of axons in PNS

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nerves

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gray matter

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inner component. mostly cell bodies

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white matter.

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outter layer. myelinated cells. corpus collosum is ex

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5 divisions of brain in order

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telencephalon. diencephalon. mesencephalon. metencephalon. myelencephalon.

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myelencephalon

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medula... largely up and down tracts. origin of reticular formation

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reticular formation

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arousal, attention, sleep, muscle tone,

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metencephalon

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many tracts. also has reticular formation. pons. cerebellum.

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cerebellum

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in metencephalon. sensorimotor control and learning. coordination

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pons

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ventral surface. motor control. sensory analysis. rem sleep.

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mesencephalon

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tectum and tegementum

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two parts of tectum

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inferior colliculi and superior colliculi

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inferior colliculi

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audtion

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superior colliculi

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vision

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3 parts of tegmentum. colorful

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pariaqueductal gray. substantia nigra. red nucles

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periaqueductal gray

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mediates analgesia

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substantia gray.

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sensorimotor. parkinsons is here

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red nucleus

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sensorimotor

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diencephalon 2 parts

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thalamus and hypothalamus

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thalamus

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sensory relay. transmits to appropriate

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hypothalamus

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regulates motivated behaviors. controls release of pituitary gland for sex, hunger, thirst, temp

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pituitary gland

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release hormons including downstream

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optic chasm

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optic nerves cross to other side of brain

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3 parts of telencephalon

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cerebral cortex. limbic. basal ganglia.

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cerebral cortex

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association. complex cognitive. learning and problem solving. voluntary movement.

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convulutions

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folds serve to increase SA

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longitudinal fissure

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groove that seperates right and left hemisphere

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corpus collosum

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largest hemisphere-connecting tract

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cerebreal cortex

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layer of tissue covering cerebral hemispheres

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furrows

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large fissures

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sulci

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small fissures

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gyri

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ridges in between

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convultions serve as

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important topographic markers

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4 lobes of brain

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frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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occipital lobe

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vision

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temporal lobe

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auditory and associaiton

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parietal lobe

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motor cortex sensory cortex associaiton

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frontal lobe

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association, cognitive skills, planning and problem solving

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neocortex

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6 layered cortex

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pyramidal cells

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mulipolar neurons with lg axon.

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stellate cells

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star shaped. short axon

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limbic system

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emotional perception and learning

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amygdala

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emotional regulaiton. fleeing fighting feeding and f*cking

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basal ganglia

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motor control and voluntary movement

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hippocampus

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spatial memory and info. memory processing.

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membrane potential

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difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell

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neurons resting membrane potential

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resting membrane potentional is -70mV.

inside is negative in respect to the outside

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ion

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charged particles

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homogenizing

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random motion.. particles move down their concentration gradient... electrostatic pressure.. like repels like. opposites attract

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ions contributing to resting potential

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Na+

Cl-

K+

proteins are -

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ion channel

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where ions move in and out. K+ and Cl- move readily

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movement of A-

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none at all. trapped in cell

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movement of Na+ at rest

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little to none

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equilibrium potential

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potential at which there is no net movement of an ion

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sodium potassion pump

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exchange 3Na+ inside for 2 K+ outside

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why does na want to be in

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high conc. outside since pumped out

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neurotransmitters bind at

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postsynaptic receptors

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depolarization

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membrane potential less negative

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hyperpolarization

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membrane potential more negative

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Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

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depolarize. more likely neuron will fire

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inhibitory PSP

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less likely will fire. hyperpolar

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summation

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determines whether or not action potential will be triggered

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decremental

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smaller as they travel

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threshold of excitement

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-65 mV is what is needed to generate AP

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integration

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adding or combining a number of signals into one overall signal

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temporal summation

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integration of events happening at different times

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spatial summation

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integration of event happening at different places

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all or none

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action potential either occurs or does not

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what happens when threshold is reached?

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voltage-activated ion channels are opened

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what do voltage activated ion channels ler in

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Na+ channels open

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membrane potential moves from ___to___ when na rushes in

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-70 to +50

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rising phase

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Na+ moves membrane potential from -70 to +50mv

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end of rising phase

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Na channels close. change in mp opens voltage activated K+ channels

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repolarization

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concentration gradient change in charge leads to efflux of K+

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hyperpolarization

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channels close slowly. k+ efflux makes mp less that -70

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absolute refractory periods

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impossible to initiate another ap

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relative refractory period

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harder to initiate another ap

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why are their refractory periods?

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prevents backwards movement of aps and limit rate of firing

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nodes of ranvier does what to ap

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ap jumps from node to node

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axodendritic synapse

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axons on dendrites

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axosomatic

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axons on cell bodies

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small NT molecules synthesized where

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terminal button

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large nt molecules assembled where

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in cell body. transported to axon terminal

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exocytosis

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process of nt release

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arrival of ap at terminal opens what

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voltage activated Ca++ channel

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entry of C++ causes what

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vesicles to fuse with terminal membrane and release their contents

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ionotropic receptor

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ligand-activated ion channel. immediately induces psp

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metabotropic receptor

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slow and long lasting due to change in protein

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2 ways nt is taken out of synapse

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reuptake and enzymatic degredation

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enzymatic degredation

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nt broken down by enzymes

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reuptake

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scoop up and recycle nt

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amino acid

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bulding block of protein

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monoamines

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synthesized from single amino acid

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small-molecule nts

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amino acid monoamine soluble gases acetylcholing

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glutamate

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most prevalent excitatory nt in cns

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gaba

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syth from glutamate. most prevalent nt

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2 types of moamine

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catecholamines and indolamines

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ex of soluble gas

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nitric oxide. exist briefly

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neuropeptide

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large molecule like endorphins.

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agonist

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increase activity

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antagonist

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decrease activity