Module 4 - Bp (Definitions)

Front 1

Absolute Bioavailability

Back 1

The extent or fraction of drug absorbed upon extravascular administration in comparison to the dose size administered.

Hint 1

IV administration do no have this.

Front 2

Absorption

Back 2

The process of uptake of the compound from the site of administration into the systemic circulation. The prerequisite of this process is that the drug be in aqueous solution except in "pinocytosis."

Front 3

Accumulation

Back 3

The increase of drug concentration in the blood and tissue upon multiple dosing until steady state is reached.

Front 4

Apparent Partition Coefficient

Back 4

The ratio of the concentration at equilibrium between lipid phase (usually n-octanol) and aqueous phase (usually buffer pH 7.4).

Hint 4

A P C

Front 5

Area Under the Curve

Back 5

The integral of blood over time from zero to infinity; is a measure of quantity of drug absorbed in the body.

Hint 5

A U C

Front 6

Biliary Recycling or Enterohepatic Recirculation

Back 6

The phenomenon that drugs emptied via bile into the small intestine can be reabsorbed from the intestinan lumen into the systemic circulation

Front 7

Bioavailability

Back 7

Defined as both the relative amount of drug from an administered dosage form which enters the systemic circulation and the rate at which the drug appears in the blood stream.

Front 8

Bioequivalence

Back 8

The ____ of a drug product is achieved if its extent and rate of absorption are not statistically significantly different from those of the standard when administered at the same molar dose.

Hint 8

"No significant difference" from standard drug product

Front 9

Bioequivalence Requirement

Back 9

The requirement imposed by the FDA for the in-vitro and/or in-vivo testing of specified drug product which must be satisfied as a condition of marketing.

Hint 9

_ Requirement

Front 10

Biopharmaceutics

Back 10

Deals with the physical and chemical properties of the drug substance, the dosage form, and the biological effectiveness of a drug and/or drug product upon administration.

Hint 10

"Physicochemical properties" of "drug/drug product"

Front 11

Biophase

Back 11

The actual site of action of drugs in the body. It is the drug-receptor interaction on molecular level or the influence of biopolymers by the presence of drug. It may be the surface of a cell or within the cell, i.e., one of the organelles.

Hint 11

Not "receptor"

Front 12

Blood Flow Rate

Back 12

The speed of blood perfusion in an organ, usually expressed in mL/100g organ weight/min. It may differ several fold between rest, or immobilization and exercise.

Hint 12

"Blood" "organ" "perfusion" "speed"

Front 13

Central Compartment

Back 13

The sum of all body regions (organs and tissue) in which the drug concentration is in instantaneous equilibrium with that in blood and plasma. The blood or plasma is always part of it.

Hint 13

"Sum of ALL regions"

Front 14

Chronopharmacokinetics

Back 14

The study of pharmacokinetic drug parameters as affected by the circadian rhythm or diurnal variation.

Hint 14

"time" = "chronos"

Front 15

Circadian Rhythm

Back 15

The biological clock controlling rhythm of processes during a 24-hour cycle which is based on endogenous factors.

Hint 15

Endogenous = Ginagawa "DIAN" sa katawan.

Front 16

Clearance

Back 16

The hypothetical volume of distribution of unmetabolized drug which is cleared per unit time (mL/min or mL/h) by any pathway of drug removal i.e., renal, hepatic, etc.

Front 17

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Back 17

The application of pharmacokinetic principle in the safe and effective treatment of individual patients, in the optimization of drug therapy.

Hint 17

_ Pharmacokinetics

Front 18

Compartment

Back 18

A _ in pharmacokinetics is an entity which can be described by a definite volume and concentration of drug contained in that volume.

Hint 18

Not "Vd"

Front 19

Concentration Gradient

Back 19

The difference in the concentration in two phases usually separated by a membrane.

Hint 19

High to low concentration

Front 20

Creatinine Clearance

Back 20

The ratio of creatinine excreted in urine to concentration of creatinine in plasma. It decrease with renal impairment and with age.

Front 21

Depot Phase

Back 21

The portion of a prolonged release dosage form which liberates the drug from the dosage form at a slower rate than its unrestricted absorption rate.

Front 22

Djffusion Layer

Back 22

The viscous layer of concentrated drug solution around a dissolving particle.

Front 23

Disposition

Back 23

The loss of drug from the central compartment due to transfer (distribution) into other compartments and/or elimination and metabolism.

Front 24

Diurnal Variation

Back 24

The biological clock controlling rhythms of processes during a twenty-four hour cycle which is based on external synchronizers (Zeitgeber).

Hint 24

Exogenous = "DIU" (dayo) lang sa katawan.

Front 25

Dosage Regimen or Dose Rate

Back 25

The systematized dosage schedule for therapy i.e., the proper dose sizes and proper dosing intervals required to produce clinical effectiveness or to maintain a therapeutic concentration in the body.

Front 26

Dose Dependency

Back 26

Refers to change of one or more of the pharmacokinetic processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion with increasing dose size

Front 27

Dose Dumping

Back 27

The achievement of sustained drug concentration by simply increasing the dose size or by accidental fast release of drug from a sustained released release dosage form.

Front 28

Dose-Response Curve

Back 28

The graphical presentation of pharmacological or clinical effectiveness or toxicity (response) versus dose.

Front 29

Dose Size

Back 29

The amount of drug in mcg, mg, units or other dimensions to be administered.

Front 30

Dosing Interval

Back 30

The time period between adminstration of maintenance doses.

Front 31

Drug

Back 31

Chemical compound of synthetic, semi-synthetic, natural or biological origin which interacts with human or animals cells. The interactions may be quantified, whereby these resulting actions are intended to prevent, to cure or to reduce ill effects in the human or animal body, or to detect disease-causing manifestations.

Front 32

Drug Specialty or Brand Product

Back 32

A drug product, usually of unvarying composition, labeled with a registered trade mark of a single company.

Front 33

Drug Release or Liberation

Back 33

The delivery of the active ingredient from a dosage form into solution.

Front 34

Drug Product or Dosage Form

Back 34

The gross pharmaceutical form containing the active ingredient and vehicle substances necessary in formulating a medicament of desired dosage, volume, and application form, ready for administration.

Front 35

Drug-Receptor Interaction

Back 35

The combing of drug molecule with the receptor for which it has affinity, and by the initiation of pharmacologic response by its intrinsic activity.

Front 36

Elimination Half-Life

Back 36

The time in hours necessary to reduce the drug concentration in the blood to half after equilibrium is reached.

Front 37

Enzyme Induction

Back 37

The increase in enzyme content or rate of enzymatic processes resultingin faster metabolism of a compound.

Front 38

Auto-induction

Back 38

A phenomenon where a drug stimulates its own metabolism i.e, carbamazepine.

Front 39

Foreign-induction

Back 39

A phenomenon where a compound causes a stimulation of another drug's metabolism.

Front 40

Enzyme Inhibition

Back 40

The decrease in rate of metabolism of a compound usually by competition for an enzyme system.

Front 41

Excretion

Back 41

The final elimination from the body's systemic circulation via the kidney into urine, via bile and saliva into intestines and into feces, via sweat, via skin and via milk.

Front 42

Extravascular administration

Back 42

All routes of administration except those where the drug is directly introduced into the blood stream.

Front 43

TRUE.

IM is an extravascular route of adminstration; it is administered outside the blood vessels.

Back 43

True or False?

Intramuscular (IM) injection is NOT an intravascular route of administration.