1. Biomedical - Nutrition

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Q. Basal Metabolic Rate

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(BMR) is the amount of energy per unit time that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest.

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Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

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· Beriberi (result from a diet of carbohydrate rich and thiamine deficiency).

· Wernicke-Korsaskoff syndrome (thiamine related disease mostly found in chronic alcoholic’s due to their poor dietary lifestyle).

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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Back 3

Riboflavin decomposes when exposed to visible light (photolabile).

This characteristic can lead to riboflavin deficiencies in newborns treated for hyperblirubinemia by phototherapy.

Hint 3

Deficiency. It is often seen in chronic alcoholic’s due to their poor dietetic habits.

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Niacin (Vitamin B3)

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· Niacin is NOT a true vitamin in the strictest definition since it can be derived from amino acid tryptophan.

Deficiency:

. Severe symptoms. Depression, dermatitis and diarrhea, are associated with the condition known as PELLAGRA.

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Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)

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· It is formed from b-alanine and pantoic acid. · Source. Whole grain cereals, legumes, and meat. · Deficiency. Extremely rare for it is readily available food sources.

Front 6

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, and Pyridoxamine):

Back 6

Q. Drugs (↓) pyridoxal isoniazid for tuberculosis, and penicillamine (for rheumatoid arthritis and cystinurias).

Q. Diclectin (vitamin B6 R10 mg+ doxylamine 10 mg) is used for the treatment of nausea & vomiting in pregnancy (morning sickness). Up to 4 tabs daily (2 bedtime, 1 in morning and 1 afternoon).

Hint 6

Avoid vitamin B6 with levodopa because, vitamin B6 increases the peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine thereby it gives nausea and vomiting. Q. Deficiency (<10nmol/L): Peripheral neuropathy, convulsions, sideroblastic anemia, and hyperirritability.

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Biotin (Vitamin B7)

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Deficiency. Excessive consumption of raw eggs due to affinity of egg white protein, AVIDIN, for biotin preventing

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Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Back 8

- is deficient in elderly

- It is only nutrient require gastric secretion (intrinsic factor) to be absorbed from GIT

- vitamin that is deficient in vigan diet (NO dairy and No meat)

- Vegetarians have deficiency of vitamins

- Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia.

Hint 8

Deficiency: Q. Megaloblastic anemia.

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Folic Acid (vitamin B9)

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- Chemical ring structure in folic acid that binds to para aminobenzoic acid is; pteridine ring Folic acid structure consist of? Pteridyl- PABA -glutamate

- Deficiency: Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy can cause neural tubule defect.

- Deficiency of folic acid can cause megaloblastic anemia.

Hint 9

• Q. Drugs that ↓ folic acid: Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenytoin), oral contraceptives, methotrexate, 5-flurouracil, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, sulfasalazine and dapsone.

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Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

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1) What vitamin is deficient in smokers? Smoking severely decreases vitamin C in blood.

2) Women have more vitamin C then men.

3) Essential for the synthesis of “collagen” in connective tissues.

Hint 10

Deficiency: Q. Scurvy.

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Vitamin A

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- Beta carotene is a precursor of vitamin A.

- Rhodopsin is active form of vitamin A in vision. (11-cis retinal to 11-trans retinal).

- Vitamin A overdose can cause? Toxicity

- Deficiency. Xerophthalmia. Night blindness (11 cis retinoic acid) in rhodopsin pigment.

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Vitamin D

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- It is a steroid hormone. Active form is 1, 25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Ergocalciferol (D2)

- Chronic renal failure can cause deficiency of vitamin D3

- Deficiency: Rickets (weak bones and decaying teeth) in children and osteomalacia in adult

Hint 12

1) Vitamin D3 is steroidal hormone 2)What vitamin is deficiency in chronic renal failure? 3) What is dose of vitamin D for > 50y ? 800 U 4) Infants on breast-feeding have deficiency of? Vitamin D drops 5) Active vitamin D is? D3 (1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol) 6) Deficiency of Vitamin D? Osteomalacia, osteoporosis, rickets.

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a-Tocopherol (vitamin E)

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Storage site of vitamin E is in adipose tissue (fatty tissues). Alpha tocopherol is the strongest antioxidant among all tocopherols. Occurs only with fat malabsorption.

Symptoms Q. Increase in red blood cell fragility (increase cell integrity)

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Vitamin K

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- Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) is derived from green vegetables

- Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone) is produced by intestinal bacteria.

- Vitamin K3 is a synthetic menadione. When vitamin K3 is administered. It will be alkylated to one of the vitamin K2 forms of menaquinone.

Hint 14

Q. Vitamin K is antidote of warfarin.

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deficiency

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Vitamin A Night blindness Vitamin B1 Beriberi (nervousness, paralysis of muscles)

- Vitamin B2 Ariboflavinosis

- Vitamin B3 Pellagra

- Vitamin B5 Paresthesia

- Vitamin B6 Sideroblastic anemia

- Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic anemia

- Vitamin C Scurvy, swelling gum

- Vitamin D Rickets & osteomalacia

- Vitamin K Non-clotting of blood or bleeding

Hint 15

Front 16

diet

Back 16

DASH diet: Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension focuses on more vegetable, fruit and low-fat dairy, fish, nuts, poultry and whole grain.

Keto diet: Low carbs, high fat and high proteins. May reduce frequency of seizure.

Q. Functional Foods: also known as nutraceuticals are food ingredients that offer health benefits in addition nutrition value. Examples fortified with vitamins, minerals. Probiotics or fiber. Some fruits and vegetable with high antioxidants.

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Infants nutrition

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· Formula milk ( cow milk-based formula, lactose free cow milk based formula, soy protein isolate based formula, hydrolyzed protein formula, amino acid based formula, pre-thickened formulas). · Iron fortified formula milk (birth to 6 months).

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water and fat soluble vit

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