Biology Vocabulary

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Chromosoem

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A coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division

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DNA

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hereditary material that controls all the activities of a cell, contains the information to make a new cell, and provides instructions for making proteins

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Nucleotide

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a subunit of DNA consisting of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases

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Deoxyribose

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A sugar that is a component of DNA

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Phosphate

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A component of DNA

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Nitrogeneous Bases

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four bases found in nucleic acids and are subunits of DNA

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Adenine

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One of the four bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of DNA; adenine pairs with thmine

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Thymine

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One of the four bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of DNA; thymin pairs with Adenine

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Guanine

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one of the four bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of DNA; guanine pairs with cytosine

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Cytosine

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One of the four bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of DNA; cytosine pairs with guanine

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Erwin Chargraff

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Biochemist Gargraff found that the amount of adenine in DNA always equals the same amount of thymine and the same for guanine and cytosine

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Rosalind Franklin

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Franklin was able to create images of DNA molecules using X-ray diffraction

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James Watson

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Built a model of DNA and realized that it resembled a double helix. He used this model to predict how DNA is copied.

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Franklin Crick

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Built a model of DNA and realized that it resembled a double helix. He used this model to predict how DNA is copied.

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Double Helix

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The coiled structure of double-stranded DNA in which strands linked by hydrogen bonds form a spiral configuration, with the two strands oriented in opposite directions

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Template

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The original molecule in DNA during replication

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Carriers

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An individual that carries one gene for a particular recessive trait. A carrier does not express the trait but, when mated with another carrier, can produce offspring that do

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Pedigree

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A chart of an individual's ancestors used in human genetics to analyze Mendelian inheritance of certain traits, especially of familiar disease.

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Selective Breeding

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The intentional mating of two animals in an attempt to produce offspring with desirable characteristics or for the elimination of a trait

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Genetic Engineering

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Scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism. It involves the production and use of recombinant DNA and has been employed to creat bacteria that synthesize insulin and other human protein

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Human Genome Project

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An international research effort to map and identify the role of all genes in the human genome

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DNA Fingerprinting

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A method used to identify multilocus DNA banding patterns that are specific to an individual by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to molecular probes and various anlytical techniques such as Souther blot analysis.

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Complementary Base Pairing

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A always goes with T as C always goes with G

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Incomplete Dominance

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A heterozygous condition in which both alleles at a gene are partially expressed often producing and intermediate phenotype

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Polygenic Inheritance

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When one gene effects many traits

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Multiple Alleles

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Different forms of the same trait

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Codon

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A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that determines the insertion of a specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis or the signal to stop protein synthesis.

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mRNA

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RNA, synthesized from a DNA template during transcription, that mediates the transfer of genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. Also called messenger RNA.

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Ribosome

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A minute round particle composed of RNA and protein that is found in the cytoplasm of living cells and serves as the site of assembly for polypeptides encoded by messenger RNA.

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Amino Acid

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Any of various organic acids containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group, especially any of the 20 or more compounds that link together to form proteins.

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Protein

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Any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compous that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of poymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and leumes;"a diet high in protein"

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Mutation

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The process by which such a change occurs in a chromosome, either through an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA coding for a gene or through a chane in the physical arrangement of a chromosome

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Deletion

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The loss, as through mutation, of one or more nucleotides from a chromosome

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Insertion

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The addition, as by mutation, of one or more nucleotides to a chromosome

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Substitution

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When one nucleotide is substituted for another

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Repair Enzymes

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Enzymes that come to repair mistakes in DNA

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Mutages

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An agent, such as a chemical, ultraviolet light, or a radioactive element, that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in an organism

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Protein

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Any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compous that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of poymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and leumes;"a diet high in protein"

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Mutation

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The process by which such a change occurs in a chromosome, either through an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA coding for a gene or through a chane in the physical arrangement of a chromosome

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Deletion

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The loss, as through mutation, of one or more nucleotides from a chromosome

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Insertion

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The addition, as by mutation, of one or more nucleotides to a chromosome

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Substitution

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When one nucleotide is substituted for another

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Repair Enzymes

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Enzymes that come to repair mistakes in DNA

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Mutages

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An agent, such as a chemical, ultraviolet light, or a radioactive element, that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in an organism