Biology : Unit 5 : Photosynthesis And Respiration : Part 2

Front 1

What is an ecosystem?

Back 1

Abiotic and biotic factors with all living organisms in an area

Front 2

What are the 2 types of producers?

Back 2

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Front 3

What is biomass?

Back 3

The mass of living material

Chemical energy stored in an organism

Front 4

When is energy transferred through living organisms?

Back 4

When organisms eat other organisms e.g. producers are eaten by organisms called primary consumers

Front 5

What are primary consumers eaten by?

Back 5

Secondary consumers which are consumed by tertiary consumers - food chain

Front 6

What is a biome?

Back 6

Large naturally occuring community of plant and animals in a major habitat

Front 7

What are the rules of food chains?

Back 7

Start with a producer

Arrows show direction of transfer

Has to be realistic

Front 8

What are the rules of food webs?

Back 8

All organisms feeding at the same trophic level must be written on the same line

Front 9

What are the rules of a pyramid of number?

Back 9

Producer at bottom

Blocks all the same height

Which represents no.

Front 10

Why is a pyramid of biomass inverted?

Back 10

High productivity

Low standing crop

Front 11

What is biomass measured in?

Back 11

Kg m-² - hectare

Kg m-³ - volume of water

Front 12

What do food chains show?

Back 12

How energy and raw materials pass from one organism to another

Front 13

What are pyramids of energy measured in?

Back 13

KJ m-² y-¹

Front 14

What can biomass be measured in?

Back 14

The mass of carbon than an organism contains or the dry mass of its tissue per unit area per unit time

Front 15

What is dry mass?

Back 15

The mass of an organism with the water removed as water content varies

Front 16

How is dry mass found?

Back 16

Sample dried in an oven till it reaches a constant mass

Front 17

What is the mass of carbon generally taken as?

Back 17

50% of total mass

Front 18

What are the units for biomass?

Back 18

Kg m-² yr-¹

Front 19

How can you estimate the amount of chemical energy stored in a biomass?

Back 19

Using a calorimeter by burning the biomass and heat energy released used to heat known volume of water.

Front 20

What are the features of a calorimeter?

Back 20

Ignition wires send high current through food to ignite it

Sealed lid so no evaporation

O2 in sealed bomb so complete combustion so all carbon burnt

Motorized stored so maintains a concentration gradient for a representative mean

Front 21

Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?

Back 21

Buffers temperature change

Keeps body at stable temperature

Front 22

q =

Back 22

mc∆T

Front 23

∆H =

Back 23

q / n

Front 24

What is gross primary production?

Back 24

Total chemical energy converted from light energy by plants in given area in given time

Front 25

How much of the GPP is lost?

Back 25

50% to the environment as heat when plants respire - Respiratory Loss (R)

Front 26

What is the remaining chemical energy in GPP?

Back 26

Net primary production

Front 27

What is net primary production?

Back 27

Energy available to plant for growth and reproduction, stored in biomass.

Front 28

NPP =

Back 28

GPP - R

Front 29

What do consumers get their energy from?

Back 29

Ingesting plant material or animals they have eaten plant material

Front 30

How much of the total available energy is lost in various ways?

Back 30

90%

Front 31

How is energy lost?

Back 31

Not all food eaten

Some parts indigestible

Energy lost in excretion - urea and CO2

Some energy lost to environment through respiration when organisms moves

Front 32

Net production (consumers) =

Back 32

Ingested chemical energy (I) - (Chemical energy lost is faeces (F) + Respiratory losses of chemical energy (R))

Front 33

% efficiency of energy transfer =

Back 33

(Net production of trophic level × 100) ÷ (Net production of previous trophic level)

Front 34

What is a saprobiont?

Back 34

Organisms that break down complex materials in dead organisms into simple ones so recycling nutrients

Front 35

Describe the nutrient cycle

Back 35

Producers takes up nutrients, incorporate it into complex organic molecules, to consumers, die, broken down by saprobionts

Front 36

Why do living organisms need nitrogen?

Back 36

Proteins, nucleic acids and other nitrogen-containing compounds

Front 37

How do plants take up nitrogen?

Back 37

In the form of nitrate ions (NO3-) from the soil using active transport by the roots

Front 38

What are the properties of nitrate ions?

Back 38

Soluble

Easily wash through the soil

Restored by recycling or fertilisers

Front 39

What are the 4 main stages of the nitrogen cycle?

Back 39

Ammonification

Nitrification

Nitrogen fixation

Denitrification

Front 40

Nitrogen cycle

Back 40

Front 41

What occurs during ammonification?

Back 41

Nitrogen compounds from dead organisms turned into ammonium compounds by saprobionts

Front 42

What is nitrification?

Back 42

Conversion of ammonium ions in soil to nitrate ions by oxidation by nitrifying bacteria

Ammonium -> Nitrite-> Nitrate

Front 43

What are ideal conditions for the nitrifying of bacteria?

Back 43

Oxygen so air spaces by soil structure and aeration by ploughing. Good drainage to prevent air spaces being filled with water.

Front 44

What is nitrogen fixation?

Back 44

Nitrogen gas converted into ammonium ions by Rhizobium bacteria, found in root nodules of leguminous plants in a mutualistic relationship

Front 45

What is a trophic level?

Back 45

A stage in the food chain

Front 46

What is productivity?

Back 46

The rate at which energy is stored in crops and livestock / rate at which biomass is added

Front 47

Carbon Cycle

Back 47

Front 48

What are the stages of the phosphorus cycle?

Back 48

Phosphate in rocks released into soil by weathering

Taken into plants by AT

Phosphate transferred through food chain

Lost from animals in waste

Birds produce guano

Front 49

What is the role of mycorrhizae?

Back 49

Increase rate ions can be assimilated

Front 50

What are the stages of consuming?

Back 50

Ingest, digest, egest

(Waste excreted)

Front 51

What are symbiotic relationships?

Back 51

2 species live closely together and depend on each other for survival

Front 52

What is mutualism?

Back 52

2 species benefit from each other

Front 53

What is parasitism?

Back 53

One species benefits but the other is harmed

Front 54

What is commensalism?

Back 54

One species benefits and the other is unharmed

Front 55

What is guano?

Back 55

Waste produced by seabirds

Front 56

What are the three different types of weathering?

Back 56

Biological, chemical and mechanical

Front 57

What percentage of the air is nitrogen?

Back 57

78%

Front 58

What processes is nitrogen used in?

Back 58

NAD, NADP, DNA, RNA, ATP, amino acids and chlorophyll

Front 59

What is the structure of an amino acid?

Back 59

NH2

|

R --- C --- COOH

|

H

Front 60

Nitrile ion

Back 60

NO2-

Front 61

Nitrate ion

Back 61

NO3-

Front 62

Nitrogen gas

Back 62

N2

Front 63

What is denitrification?

Back 63

Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates in soil into nitrogen gas using nitrates to carry out respiration under anaerobic conditions - waterlogged soils

Front 64

What does lightning do?

Back 64

Fixes nitrogen gas into nitrogen oxides

Front 65

What do fertilisers do?

Back 65

Natural and artificial fertilisers added to soil to replace nitrates and phosphates lost by harvesting

Front 66

When is leaching less likely?

Back 66

With natural fertilisers which need to be decomposed before absorption.

Front 67

What are the five stages of eutrophication?

Back 67

Excessive soluble ions flushed from land to rivers so plants flourish using O2 and block sunlight. O2 used in decomposition till no life possible.