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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adenosine triphosphate
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ATP; the molecule that delivers usable chemical energy for almost all processes and reactions that a cell must undergo to survive
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aerobic
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using oxygen; when applied to organisms, cells, or tissues, it means they use oxygen as part of the process of obtaining energy from glucose
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anaerobic
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not using oxygen; when applied to organisms, cells, or tissues, it means they do not use oxygen as part of the process of obtaining energy from glucose
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aqueous
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watery
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Archaea
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one of the three domains of life, made up of prokaryotic organisms, most of which live under extreme conditions of temperature or in harsh chemical environments and differ in basic ways from the other main group of prokaryotic organisms, Bacteria
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asexual reproduction
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the process by which an organism produces a new, genetically identical organism without the use of gametes
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Calvin cycle
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the stage of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is assembled into sugars; also called light-independent reactions
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carrier protein
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a membrane transport protein that allows molecules to cross passively to the other side of the membrane
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cell
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the basic unit of life, of which all living things are made
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cell differentiation
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the process of cell modification from a generalized cell to one that performs a specific task
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cell membrane
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the membrane surrounding the cell; composed of a bilayer of phospholipids
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cell theory
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the theory that states that the cell is the basic unit of life and that cells come only from existing cells
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cell wall
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a rigid structure surrounding a cell, outside the cell membrane, that gives the cell support and shape
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cellular respiration
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the process of breaking down glucose for the production of ATP in the presence of oxygen
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central vacuole
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a membrane-bound compartment in a plant cell that helps regulate the water content of the cell, store waste material, and support the cell through internal pressure
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centromere
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the point in a chromosome at which two chromatids are joined
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chlorophyll
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a molecule in plants that plays a key role in photosynthesis
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chloroplasts
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the organelles responsible for capturing light energy in photosynthetic organisms; contain chlorophyll
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chromatid
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one of the two identical strands of a chromosome
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chromosome
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a single long molecule of DNA wound around proteins called histones
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concentration gradient
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the region over which there is a change in concentration of a substance
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cristae
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the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
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crossing-over
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the exchange of DNA between two homologous chromosomes during meiosis
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cytokinesis
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after mitosis or meiosis, the division of a cell's cytoplasm into two separate cells
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cytoplasm
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everything, except for the nucleus, that is contained within the cell membrane; it includes the organelles and the cytosol
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cytoskeleton
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a system of filaments and tubules made of proteins that gives the cell its overall support and structure
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cytosol
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the fluid portion of the cytoplasm
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diffusion
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process in which atoms and molecules move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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endocytosis
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the movement of materials into a cell by use of a vesicle
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a network of membranes in a eukaryotic cell, some with ribosomes attached, that is interconnected with the outer nuclear membrane
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enzyme
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a protein that is a catalyst for chemical reactions in organisms; it increases the rate of the reaction without being used up or changed
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eukaryotic cell
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a cell that has a nucleus, multiple chromosomes, and membrane-bound organelles
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fermentation
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the breakdown of pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen
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food chain
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the pathway along which food is transferred from one organism to another
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gamete
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a reproductive cell that can fuse with another to form a zygote; also known as sex cells
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gene
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a segment of DNA that directs the development of some inherited traits
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glucose
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a monosaccharide with the chemical formulaC6H12O6used by cells for energy
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glycolysis
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the first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose molecules are broken down to produce pyruvic acid
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Golgi body
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a membranous organelle of a eukaryotic cell, which manufactures or modifies, packages, sorts, and transports molecules of the cell
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haploid
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the 1n condition in which no chromosome is part of a homologous pair in a cell
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histone
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certain proteins found in association with chromosomes
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homologous chromosomes
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two chromosomes of a cell that have the same general shape and the same genes, one derived from each parent
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hydrophilic
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water loving; soluble in water
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hydrophobic
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water hating; not soluble in water
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interphase
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stages of growth of a cell and duplication of the DNA during the cell cycle
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Krebs cycle
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a cyclical set of reactions in which pyruvic acid is metabolized and ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are formed
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light-dependent reactions
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the first stage in photosynthesis
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light-independent reactions
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the second and final stage in photosynthesis; also called the Calvin cycle
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lysosomes
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membrane-bound organelles, usually spherical, that contain enzymes to break down molecules in eukaryotic cells
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meiosis
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a type of cell division in which the resulting cells have half the chromosome number of the parent
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meristems
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localized tissues where growth occurs in a plant
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mitochondria
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organelles that are the sites of cellular respiration
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mitosis
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the process by which the nucleus of a cell divides to form two identical nuclei
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multicellular
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composed of many cells
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nucleolus
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a region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced
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nucleus
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a cell structure that contains DNA and controls the functions of the cell
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organ
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a group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function
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organelle
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a differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function
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passive transport
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movement of materials across a membrane that does not require energy from the cell
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phospholipid bilayer
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the double layer of phospholipids that makes up the membranes of a cell
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photosynthesis
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the process by which plants and certain other organisms use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen
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prokaryotic cell
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a cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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resting potential
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the change in polarity along a neuron that allows for transmission of an electrical impulse when a cell is not active
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ribosomes
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small organelles, made of RNA and protein; sites of protein synthesis
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semipermeable
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permeable to some molecules, but not to others
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sexual reproduction
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the process by which organisms produce a new, genetically unique organism using gametes
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sperm
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the male gamete
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spindle fibers
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microtubules that extend from the centromeres to each chromosome during mitosis and meiosis at metaphase, along which the chromosomes separate during anaphase
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stem cells
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cells of an undifferentiated type that are capable of becoming specialized
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stroma
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the fluid part of a chloroplast that contains DNA, ribosomes, and all enzymes needed during certain stages of photosynthesis
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thylakoid
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a membrane in the chloroplast that contains proteins used in the formation of ATP
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tissue
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a group of cells that are similar in structure and that work together to perform a certain function
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unicellular
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composed of a single cell
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zygote
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the cell that results from the fusion of two gametes
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