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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many sodium come in? How many potassium go out?
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3 Na out of the cell for every 2 potassiums pumped in
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synaptic cleft
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a narrow space that separates to cells
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presynaptic cell
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the neuorn whose axon transmits action potentials to the synapse
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postsynaptic cell
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other side of the synapse
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afferent pathway
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in, stimulatory
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motor (efferent) pathway
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out, response
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sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla
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flight or fight responses (stimulatory in general), stimulate their effector organs through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine
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parasympathetic nervous system
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antagonistic to sympathetic. releases ACh as a neurotransmitter
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G proteins
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help mediate events that involve overlapping functions
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neurotransmitters
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proteins released by neurons into synapses
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neurohormones
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specialized neurons release chemicals into bloodstream
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autocrine secretions
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chemicals that are released and operate within an organ
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paracrine secretions
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chemicals are produced in one area and act on another area of the SAME organ
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hormones that do not enter cell
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hydrophilic, polar molecules
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1st messenger
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protein that binds to surface cell. peptides, glycoproteins, hormones
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2nd messenger
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molecules that trigger reactions inside the cell. organic molecules and cyclic AMP
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The Immune system
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*
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human lymphatic system
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system of passive transport that articulates with the circulatory system
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lymph
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plasma lost from the circulatory system plus dead and/or unanchored cells from body tissues
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lymph nodes
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regions of fine tissue mesh that filter large fragments and dead cells from lymph (acts like a trap or sink)
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spleen
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filtration of lymph, storage and destruction of RBC's, recycling of hemoglobin
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Thymus
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T-cell differentiation
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Helper T cell
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commander of the immune response; detects infection and sounds the alarm, initiating both T-cell and B-cell responses
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Inducer T Cell
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Not involved in the immediate response to infection; mediates the maturation of other T cells in the thymus
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cytotoxic T cell
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detects and kills infected body cells; recruited by helper T cells
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Suppressor T cell
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dampens the activity of T and B cells, scaling back the defense after the infection has been checked
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B cell
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precursor of plasma cell; specialized to recognize specific foreign antigens
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plasma cell
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produces antibodies directed against specific foreign antigens
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mast cell
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initiator of the inflammatory response
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monocyte
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precursor of macrophage
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macrophage
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the body's first cellular line of defense; also serves as antigen-presenting cell to B and T cells. engulfs foreign cells by phagocytosis, kills one at a time
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natural killer cells
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kill cells of the body infected by viruses by making a hole in their cell membranes. water rushes in and cell bursts
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protein complement systems
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about 20 proteins floating around bloodstream. when a foreign invader is encountered they aggregate in invader's membrane forming a pore where water rushes in, killing the cell
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inflammatory response
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a localized, non-specific response
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infected, injured cells cause...
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cause the release of histamine and prostaglandins. causes fialation of blood vessels and blood flows into area (swelling)
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temperature response
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macrophages encounter invaders and release interlukin-1 which is carried to brain. this and other pyrogens (toxins) stimulate neurons in hypothalmus and temperature elevates
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antigen
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any molecule that causes an immune response (usually a foreign invader)
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antigenic determinant site
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different sites on an antigen. each site may cause a different immune response
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antibodies
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proteins produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes) in response to an antigen
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humoral immunity
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when antibody proteins are released into the bloodstream
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cell-mediated immunity
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lymphosytes (WBC) directly attack other cells (non-specific immunity)
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acquired immunity
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immunity gained from being exposed to a disease producing agent (pathogen)
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passive immunity
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immunity gained from mother's antibodies passed across placenta
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antibodies are proteins with
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quaternary structure (4 polypeptide chains)
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amine ends of antibodies
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N-terminus, antigen binding sites
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immunoglobulins
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globular proteins, antibodies are
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The Humoral Response
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B-cells (b lymphocytes
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make antibodies (proteins). are on the surface of the b-cells
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small (birgin) b-cells
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encounter antigen specific to their binding site and bind to it. They begin growing
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b-cells undergo division and each b-cell divides into
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1 plasma cell (secretes antibody protein into bloodstream to "lock up" antigen) and 1 memory cell (stored)
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cross-linking
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at least 2 antibody molecules next to each other must each have both sites filled with antigen to get the reaction
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clonal selection
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interaction of an antigen with a recptor protein on a lymphocyte surface stimulates the rapid cell division of that lymphocyte
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major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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genes that code for proteins on the surface of t-cells
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MCH proteins
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"recognize" one's own body cells or self
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MHCI proteins
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have CD8 glycoproteins or correcptors, on all cells
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MHCII proteins
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have CD4 correceptors, found only on macrophages, B cells, and a subtype of T cells
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What do MCHI/II cells do when an antigen comes
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I-activates cytotoxic t-cells
II-activates t-helper cells |
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white blood cells (t-lymphocytes) are either
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cytotoxic cells or t-helper cells
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cytotoxic cells
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bind to infected cells with MHCI proteins and kills them by perforation
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t-helper cells
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bind to infected cells with MHCII proteins and trigger a variety of responses
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antigen shifting
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viruses and bacteria mutate so their proteins always shift and may not be recognized
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allergic reaction
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hypersensitivity (overreaction). production of excess IgE antibodies causes attachment of mast cells which secrete histamines which attract macrophates and other lymphocytes (non-specific response)
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Animals maintain a stable internal enviornment (homeostasis) by regulating...
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1. salt, ion, water balance through osmosis
2. removal of water and other solutes by excretion 3. temperature |
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osmolality and osmotic balance
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regulation of body fluids
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4 kidney functions
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reabsorption, secretion, concentration, and excretion
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filtration
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blood pressure pushes water, salts, urea, protein, etc. from glomerular capillaries (bloodstream) into Bowman's capsule (nephron)
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membrane between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule acts as...
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a filter, keeping out large molecules
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reabsorption
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molecules that enter the filtrate can be returned to bloodstream by reabosrption from tubules of nephron=surrounding blood vessels
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reabsorption involves
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1. active transport
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secretion
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reverse of reabsorption. drugs from capillaries and may be eliminated in urine
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excretion
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filtrate is concentrated as it travels through the nephron to optimize water retention
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ADH
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during dehydration, increase water permeability in collecting ducts allowing water to be returned to the blood
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aldosterone
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secreted by adrenal cortex. causes Na+ to be reabsorbed (not excreted). helps maintain blood volume and pressure
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ANF
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antagonistic to aldosterone. removes Na+, Cl- from blood and decrease in water in blood in response to high blood pressure
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