Biology Unit 1 Vocabulary

Front 1

Neutron

Back 1

an ion with a neutral charge

Front 2

Proton

Back 2

an ion with a positive charge

Front 3

Atomic Number

Back 3

the number of protons in a nucleus

Front 4

Mass Number

Back 4

the sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

Front 5

Atomic Weight

Back 5

Atom's TOTAL mass

Front 6

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Back 6

Atoms share electron EQUALLY

Front 7

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 7

1 atom is more electronegative, do NOT share electron equally

Front 8

Anion

Back 8

NEGATIVE

Front 9

Cation

Back 9

POSITIVE

Front 10

Ionic Bond

Back 10

an attraction between an anion & a cation

(STONG BOND)

Front 11

Hydrogen Bond

Back 11

a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to 1 electronegative atom & attracted to another

(WEAK BOND)

Front 12

Cohesive

Back 12

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

Front 13

Ability to moderate temperature

Back 13

High specific heat

Front 14

Expansion upon freezing

Back 14

evaporative cooling

Front 15

Versatality as a solvent

Back 15

Polarity

Front 16

Hydrophobic

Back 16

NO affinity for water (does NOT like water)

Front 17

Hydrophillic

Back 17

Has affinity for water (does like water)

Front 18

Solute

Back 18

Dissolved substance

Front 19

Solvent

Back 19

Dissolving agent of a solution

Front 20

Solution

Back 20

A liquid homogenous mixture of substances

Front 21

Acid

Back 21

Increases H+ concentration

(below 7)

Front 22

Base

Back 22

Reduces H+ concentration

(above 7)

Front 23

pH

Back 23

defined by negative logarithm of H+ concentration

(7 neutral, equal acid & base)

Front 24

H+

Back 24

Hydronium ion

Front 25

Structural isomer

Back 25

different covalent arrangements of atoms

Front 26

Cis-Trans isomer

Back 26

Same covalent bonds but different spacial arrangement

Front 27

Enantiomer

Back 27

MIRROR images of each other

Front 28

Carbonyl group's basic structure

Back 28

C=O

Front 29

Carboxyl group's basic structure

Back 29

COOH

Front 30

Hydroxyl group's basic structure

Back 30

OH

Front 31

Amino group's basic structure

Back 31

NH2

Front 32

Methyl group's basic structure

Back 32

CH3

Front 33

Phosphate group's basic structure

Back 33

OPO3

Front 34

Sulfhydryl group's basic structure

Back 34

SH

Front 35

Carbohydrates

Back 35

serve as fuel & building material

SUGARS

Front 36

Lipids

Back 36

a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

FATS

Front 37

Proteins

Back 37

include a diversity of structures, resulting in many different functions

AMINO ACIDS

Front 38

Nucleic Acid

Back 38

store, transmit, & help express hereditary information

DNA & RNA

Front 39

Nonpolar covalent molecule that is also unsaturated

Back 39

Cooking oil, vegetable oil, olive oil

Front 40

Dehydration Reaction

Back 40

bond is formed by loss of water molecule

Front 41

Hydrolysis Reaction

Back 41

bond is broken by addition of water molecule

Front 42

Glycosidic linkage

Back 42

covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Front 43

Monosaccharides

Back 43

single & simple sugars

Front 44

Disaccharides

Back 44

consists of 2 monosaccharides bonded together

Front 45

Polysaccharides

Back 45

consists of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides bonded together

Front 46

Pyrimidine

Back 46

have a single 6 membered ring

(Cytosine, Thymine, & Uracil)

Front 47

Purine

Back 47

have a 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring

(Adenine & Guanine)

Front 48

Nucleotide

Back 48

Nucleoside + phosphate group

Front 49

Nucleoside

Back 49

Nitrogenous base + sugar

Front 50

Ribose

Back 50

sugar in RNA

Front 51

Deoxyribose

Back 51

sugar in DNA

Front 52

Covalent bond

Back 52

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms

Front 53

Single bond

Back 53

Sharing of one pair of valence electrons

Front 54

Double bond

Back 54

Sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

Front 55

Electronegativity

Back 55

atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

(more electronegative, stronger pull)

Front 56

Ion

Back 56

a charged atom (or molecule)

Front 57

Specific heat

Back 57

amount of heat that must be absorbed of lost for 1 gram of substance to change temp by 1degree Celsius.

Front 58

Evaporative Cooling

Back 58

liquid evaporates & surface cools

Front 59

Aqueous solution

Back 59

Water is the solvent

Front 60

Hydroxide

Back 60

OH-

Front 61

Hydronium (H3O+)

Back 61

H+

Front 62

Hydrocarbons

Back 62

organic molecules that consist of only hydrogen and carbon

Front 63

What are enantiomers important in?

Back 63

Pharmaceutical industry

Front 64

Functional Groups

Back 64

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Front 65

What is an important organic phosphate?

Back 65

ATP (adenoside triphosphate)

Front 66

What do carbohydrates include?

Back 66

Sugars & polymers of sugars

Front 67

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Back 67

Glucose (C6 H12 O6)

Front 68

Starch

Back 68

storage polysaccharide of PLANTS,

consists of glucose monomers

CARBOHYDRATE

Front 69

Amylose

Back 69

Simplest form of starch

Front 70

Glycogen

Back 70

storage polysaccharide in ANIMALS,

stored mainly in liver & muscle cells

Front 71

Chitin

Back 71

Structural polysaccharide,

Found in exoskeleton of arthropods,

Provides structural support for cell walls of many fungi

Front 72

What is the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers?

Back 72

Lipids

Front 73

What are the most biologically important lipids?

Back 73

Fats,

Phospholipids,

&

Steroids

Front 74

What kind of fats are SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?

Back 74

Saturated fats

Front 75

What kind of fats are LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?

Back 75

Unsaturated fats

Front 76

What may trans fats cause?

Back 76

Cardiovascular (heart) disease

Front 77

What are omega-3 fatty acids useful for & examples?

Back 77

Useful for protection against heart disease

Ex: fish

Front 78

What is a major function of fats?

Back 78

Energy storage

Front 79

Adipose cells

Back 79

Place where humans & other mammals store long-term food reserves

Cushion vital organs & insulate body

Front 80

Phospholipids have _______ tail & _______ head?

Back 80

Hydrophobic tail

Hydrophillic head

Front 81

Amino acids

Back 81

Organic molecules with amino & carboxyl groups

*linked by peptide bonds

Front 82

What determine's how a protein works?

Back 82

Its structure

Front 83

2 types of nucleic acids

Back 83

DNA

&

RNA

Front 84

Gene Expression

Back 84

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA --> RNA --> Protein

Front 85

2 Families of nitrogenous bases

Back 85

Pyrimidines

Purines

Front 86

Pyrimidines

Back 86

Cystosine,

Thymine,

&

Uracil

Front 87

Purines

Back 87

Adenine

&

Guanine