Biology Unit 1 Topic 5

Front 1

Nucleic acids are polymers.

True or false?

Back 1

True

Front 2

What are nucleic acids made up of?

Back 2

Many repeating units called nucleotides

Front 3

What are nucleotides made up of?

Back 3

Three components:

One of more phosphate groups

A Pentose sugar

An organic nitrogenous base

Front 4

How are the three components of nucleotides combined?

Back 4

Condensation reaction

Front 5

What does organic nitrogenous base contain?

Back 5

Nitrogen

Front 6

What are the three main nucleotides?

Back 6

DNA, RNA and ATP

Front 7

What is ATP?

Back 7

ATP is a nucleotide

Front 8

What does the symbolic form of a nucleotide look like?

Back 8

Front 9

What are the bases in DNA?

Back 9

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

Front 10

What are the bases in RNA?

Back 10

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

Front 11

What are the difference between the bases in DNA and RNA?

Back 11

DNA has thymine and not uracil

RNA has uracil and not thymine

Front 12

Describe the structure of ATP?

Back 12

It has an extra phosphate added to it (aswell as the components of nucleotides) so we say it has been phosphorylated

Front 13

What does ATP stand for?

Back 13

Adenosine triphosphate

Front 14

What is the function of ATP?

Back 14

ATP is the universal energy currency do the cell - it supplies energy for all reactions in all cells in all organisms

Front 15

Describe what ATP looks like

Back 15

Front 16

What does W represent?

Back 16

The phosphate group

Front 17

How many phosphate groups does ATP contain?

Back 17

3

Front 18

What does Y represent?

Back 18

The Pentose sugar

Front 19

What is the Pentose sugar in ATP called?

Back 19

Ribose

Front 20

What does Z represent?

Back 20

An organic nitrogenous base

Front 21

What is the organic nitrogenous base in ATP called?

Back 21

Adenine

Front 22

How is bond C formed?

Back 22

Condensation reaction

Front 23

How is bond X broken?

Back 23

Hydrolysis

Front 24

How much energy so released when bond X is broken?

Back 24

30.6kJ/mol

Front 25

What enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of bond X?

Back 25

ATPase

Front 26

Draw ATP

Back 26

Front 27

What portion of this is adenosine?

Back 27

Front 28

What is the SIMPLE structure of ATP

Back 28

Front 29

What type of bond is present between the phosphate groups in ATP?

Back 29

Covalent bonds

Front 30

Are covalent bonds stable or unstable?

Back 30

Unstable

Front 31

What does the instability of covalent bonds result in?

Back 31

They are easily broken by hydrolysis

Front 32

What does the hydrolysis reaction of ATP involve?

Back 32

The addition of a water molecule and the removal of the terminal phosphate group

Front 33

What is produced on the hydrolysis reaction of ATP?

Back 33

ADP

Pi

Front 34

What type of reaction is the hydrolysis reaction of ATP, and why?

Back 34

Exergonic react

It releases 30.6kJ/mol of energy

Front 35

What is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?

Back 35

Front 36

What is the equation for the hydrolysis reaction of ATP, including pictures?

Back 36

Front 37

How do you reform ATP after it has been hydrolysed?

Back 37

Condensation

Front 38

How is energy transferred by ATP

Back 38

The energy-releasing exergonic reactions and the enrgy-requiring endogonic reactions are always coupled together so that energy is transferred.

This is the inter-conversion of ATP

Front 39

Draw a diagram of the inter-conversion of ATP

Back 39

Front 40

What are the uses of ATP

Back 40

Metabolic processes (synthesis of organic molecules)

Active transport

Movement

Nerve transmission

Secretion

Front 41

Describe the use of ATP in metabolic processes (synthesis of organic molecules)

Back 41

To build large, complex molecules from smaller, simpler molecules. E.g. the synthesis of DNA from nucleotides, polypeptides from amino acids

Front 42

Describe the use of ATP in active transport

Back 42

To change the shape of carrier proteins in cell membranes to allow molecules and ions to be transported against a concentration gradient

Front 43

Describe the use of ATP in movement

Back 43

For muscle contraction

Front 44

Describe the use of ATP in nerve transmission

Back 44

Sodium-potassium pumps actively transport sodium and potassium ions across the axon cell membrane

Front 45

Describe the use of ATP in secretion

Back 45

The packaging and transport of secretory products into vesicles in cells

Front 46

What are the advantages of using ATP?

Back 46

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP involves a single reaction that releases immediate energy. The breakdown of glucose involves a number of intermediates and it takes much longer for the energy to be released.

Only one enzyme (ATPase) is needed to release energy from ATP, while many are needed in the case of glucose.

ATP releases energy in small useable amounts when and where needed, whereas glucose contains large amounts of energy that may not be needed immediately.

ATP is soluble and easily transpired e.g. from companion cell to die e element in phloem.

ATP provides a common source of energy for many different chemical reactions, increasing efficiency and control by the cell.

ATP is the universal intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and enrgy-requiring reactions in the cell.

Front 47

What does the law of conservation of energy state?

Back 47

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

It can only be converted from one form to another

Front 48

What are the two types of nucleic acid? And what are they built up of?

Back 48

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Repeating nucleotides

Front 49

What are the two groups of nitrogenous bases?

Back 49

Pyrimidines

Purines

Front 50

What are the two groups of nitrogenous bases?

Back 50

Pyrimidines

Purines

Front 51

What does pyrimidine always pair up with? How?

Back 51

Purine

Hydrogen bonding

Front 52

What is in the pyrimidines group?

Back 52

Cytosine

Uracil

Thymine

(CUT)

Front 53

What is the the purine group?

Back 53

Adenine

Guanine

(AG)

Front 54

Describe the structure of pyrimidines

Back 54

Single ringed structures

Front 55

Describe the structure of purines

Back 55

Double ringed structures

Front 56

What does cytosine look like?

Back 56

Front 57

What does uracil and thymine look like?

Back 57

Front 58

What does adenine look like?

Back 58

Front 59

What does Guanine look like?

Back 59

Front 60

How many bonds is used for adenine to bond with thymine or uracil

Back 60

2

Front 61

How many bonds is used for cytosine to bone with Guanine?

Back 61

3

Front 62

What are the functions of DNA?

Back 62

Replication in dividing cells and protein synthesis

Front 63

What is a gene?

Back 63

A gene is a short sequence of the DNA

Front 64

What does the sequence of bases on the DNA form?

Back 64

The genetic code

Front 65

What does the genetic code code for?

Back 65

Amino acids

Front 66

What do genes code for?

Back 66

Proteins and functional RNA products

Front 67

What is the Pentose sugar in DNA?

Back 67

Deoxyribose

Front 68

What is DNA?

Back 68

A nucleic acid

Front 69

What is DNA made up of?

Back 69

Two chains of nucleotides bonded together by hydrogen bonding.

Front 70

What is DNA made up of?

Back 70

Two chains of nucleotides bonded together by hydrogen bonding.

Front 71

Describe the structure of the sugar phosphate backbone of the polynucleotide

Back 71

Alternating phosphate groups and Pentose sugars

Front 72

Describe an individual chain of DNA

Back 72

Each chain is a polymer of nucleotides or polynucleotide

Front 73

Describe an individual chain of DNA

Back 73

Each chain is a polymer of nucleotides or polynucleotide

Front 74

How to the nucleotides in one chain of DNA join together?

Back 74

Condensation reactions between their phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars.

The sugars of one nucleotide joins to the phosphate group of another at position 3' and a molecule of water is released. A phosphodiester bond is formed.

This forma a sugar phosphate backbone

Front 75

What position is each polynucleotide chain in, in reference to one another?

Back 75

The polynucleotide chains are antiparallel to each other, with a different carbon atom 'leading' in each ribose sugar.

The directions are 5'->3' and 3'->5'

Front 76

What do the two directions on the polynucleotide chains look like?

Back 76

Front 77

What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

Back 77

Twisted to form a double helix.

Front 78

How is the shape of a double helix maintained?

Back 78

Hydrogen bonding

Front 79

Where is DNA found?

Back 79

In the nucleus

Front 80

What does RNA stand for?

Back 80

Ribonucleic acid

Front 81

What is RNA?

Back 81

A single stranded polymer of nucleotides

Front 82

What are the three types of RNA?

Back 82

mRNA tRNA rRNA

Front 83

Describe the structure of mRNA

Back 83

A long single stranded molecule

Front 84

How is mRNA synthesised?

Back 84

It is synthesised in the nucleus by a process called transcription and carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Front 85

What does each stand of mRNA contain?

Back 85

The genetic code for one gene

Front 86

What is every 3 bases on mRNA called?

Back 86

a codon

Front 87

What does each codon code for?

Back 87

One amino acid

Front 88

What does a codon ensure?

Back 88

The correct tRNA binds, bringing the correct amino acid into the ribosome

Front 89

What does ensuring the correct tRNA binds, bringing the correct amino acid into the ribosome ensure?

Back 89

The primary structure of the polypeptide is correct

Front 90

Where is rRNA found?

Back 90

In the cytoplasm

Front 91

What is rRNA a component part of?

Back 91

Ribosomes

Front 92

What are ribosomes made of?

Back 92

rRNA and protein

Front 93

Describe the synthesis of ribosomes

Back 93

They are synthesised in the nucleolus if the nucleus (they leave the nucleus via the nuclear pores).

Front 94

What is the function of ribosomes?

Back 94

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis by a process called translation.

Front 95

Describe the shape of tRNA

Back 95

A small single stranded molecule folded into the shape of a clover leaf

Front 96

Describe the structure of tRNA molecules

Back 96

An amino acid binding cite CCA.

At the opposite end of the tRNA molecule there is a triplet of bases called an anticodon.

Front 97

What is the function of tRNA

Back 97

To transport amino acids to the ribosomes

Front 98

What do anticodon bases form with complimentary bases?

Back 98

Codon-anticodon-complex

Front 99

What does the formation of codon-anticodon-complexes allow?

Back 99

Allows translation to take place

Front 100

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Back 100