Biology Unit 1

Front 1

Proteins

Back 1

polymer made from monomers called amino acid. FUNCTION: transport, movement, receptors, defense, structure

Front 2

Carbohydrates

Back 2

includes sugars and polymers (long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds)

Front 3

Nucleic acid

Back 3

Polymers of monomers called nucleotides (for heredity, code for amino acid sequence)

Front 4

Lipids

Back 4

Large biological molecule does not include polymers, no affinity for H2O, includes waxes, fats, oils, steroids.

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Steroids

Back 5

lipids characteristic by carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings & vary in functional groups attached to rings

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Nucleus

Back 6

contains genes that control the eukaryotic cell (some are in mito & chloroplasts)

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ATP

Back 7

energy source & cells use enzymes to remove P and attach to another

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Atom

Back 8

Smallest part of an element that retains the properties of that element

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Atomic mass

Back 9

Equal to the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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Atomic number

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Equal to the number of protons in an atom

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Molecule

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Simplest part of a substance that retains properties of that substance

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Covalent

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Bond formed when pairs of electrons are shared

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Ionic

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Bond formed when two oppositely charged ions are attracted

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Element

Back 14

Pure substances that cannot be broken down further chemically

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Electron

Back 15

Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom

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Proton

Back 16

Positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom

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Neutron

Back 17

Particles with no charge in the nucleus of an atom

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Solute

Back 18

Substance dissolved in a solution

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Solvent

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Substance in which a solute is dissolved

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Base

Back 20

Solution with a greater number of OH ions

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Acid

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Solution with a greater number of H ions

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pH

Back 22

Scale used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

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Hydrolysis

Back 23

Reaction in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller ones and water is used up

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Condensation

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Reaction in which large molecules are formed when water is lost

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Monosaccharide

Back 25

Simple sugar group

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Disaccharide

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Double sugar group

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Enzyme

Back 27

Proteins that act as catalysts in living things

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Isotopes

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A variant form of an atom. Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons.

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Chemical bonds

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An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms.

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Ions

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An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring an electrical charge.

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Hydrogen bonds

Back 31

A type of weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule (or in another part of the same molecule).

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Cohesion

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The attraction between molecules of the same kind.

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pH scale

Back 33

A measure of the relative acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic).

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Hydrophilic

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Attracts water molecules

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Hydrophobic

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Avoids water molecules

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Polysaccharide

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Polymers; made up of more than two monosaccharides; joined by dehydration synthesis. Examples: starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

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Triglyceride

Back 37

3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

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Amino acid

Back 38

Monomers of protein; 20 different amino acids.

Front 39

Nucleotides

Back 39

Monomers of DNA and RNA; composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous bases

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Biology

Back 40

scientific study of all forms of life

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DNA

Back 41

(deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms.

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homeostasis

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regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism.

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Compound

Back 43

substance made of atoms of different elements that are bonded together in a particular ratio.

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adhesion

Back 44

attraction between molecules of different substances.

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fatty acid

Back 45

hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid.

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Saturated fatty acid

Back 46

a fatty acid in which all carbon atoms are bonded via single bonds to other carbon and hydrogen atoms

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Unsaturated fatty acid

Back 47

a fatty acid in which some carbons are bonded via double bonds to other carbon atoms

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Phospholipid

Back 48

a type of lipid soluble in water

Front 49

starch

Back 49

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a glycosidic linkage

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glycogen

Back 50

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals

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cellulose

Back 51

a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages

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peptide bond

Back 52

the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on the next, formed by a dehydration reaction

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ribonucleic acid

Back 53

a type of single-stranded nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses

Front 54

buffer

Back 54

A solution that resists changes in pH when limited amounts of acid or base are added.

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Carboxyl

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a functional group comprised of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group, and present in all carboxylic acids

Front 56

Hydroxyl

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a compound radical, or unsaturated group, ho, consisting of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen. It is a characteristic part of the hydrates, the alcohols, the oxygen acids,

Front 57

Surface tension

Back 57

The expression of intermolecular attraction at the surface of a liquid, in contact with air or another gas, a solid, or another immiscible liquid, tending to pull the molecules of the liquid inward from the surface; dimensional formula: mt-2.

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sulfhydryl

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The radical -sH; contained in glutathione, cysteine, coenzyme A, lipoamide (all in the reduced state), and in mercaptans (R-SH).

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Phosphate

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A salt of phosphoric acid.

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Specific heat

Back 60

The amount of energy (measured in calories or joules) needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a pure substance by one degree c.

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Functional group

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Functional group- a group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules

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Organic compound

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Any compound containing carbon atom.

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Energy

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The capacity for work.

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Potential energy

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energy due to position, it is stored energy which can be used to do work. The mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy.A form of energy that has potential for a reaction, though at present is in a stored form. Glycogen has potential energy but is not readily usably by the body.First | Previous (Potential) | Next (Potential gradient) | Last

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Kinetic energy

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energy due to the motion of an object

Front 66

Glucose

Back 66

A simple monosaccharide sugar that serves as the main source of energy and as an important metabolic substrate for most living things. Its chemical formula is: C6H12O6

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Sucrose

Back 67

A complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent.A type of [[disaccharide that can be broken down by the [[enzyme [[sucrase.

Front 68

Molecular formula

Back 68

In chemistry, a formula indicating the kind and number of atoms in the molecules of a substance, or its composition, but not the relation of the atoms to each other or the intimate structure of the molecule.

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Electronegative

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Normally refers to an element whose uncharged atoms have a tendency to ionise by adding electrons, thus becoming anions (e.g., oxygen, fluorine, chlorine).It has the property of being attracted by an electropositive body, or a tendency to pass to the positive pole during electrolysis.

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Hydrocarbon

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An organic molecule which consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and no other elements. An organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.A compound consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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Waxes

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A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. Waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. The wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax(beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. It consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making ointments, cerates, etc.sticky solid waterproof lipid consisting of many long chained fatty acids usually linked to long chained alcohols

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Oil

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A triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature.

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Heat of vaporization

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The amount of heat one gram of a pure liquid must absorb to be converted from a liquid to a gas.

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Polar

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Pertaining to a compound exhibiting polarity or dipole moment, that is a compound bearing a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other.

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Nonpolar

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Pertaining to a compound that is nonionic or does not dissociate into ions.

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Structural formula

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A formula in which the connections of the atoms and groups of atoms, as well as their kind and number, are indicated.

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Temperature

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The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecularactivity).