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44 Cards in this Set

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What does genetics mean?

scientific study of heritable characteristics. Involves DNA and genes.

What are the 3 main parts of the cell theory?

1. All living things are made up of cells.


2. All cells come from a pre existing cell.


3. The cell is the tinniest living organism.

Prokaryote?

Organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles are all over the place.

Eukaryote?

Organism that have membrane bound nucleus and organelles.

What does DNA mean and what does it stand for?

DNA are features or traits that are inherited from a blood line.


DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

What is the function of DNA?

DNA makes specific proteins and stores the hereditary information of an individual while having the ability to mutate.

Where is DNA located in a cell?

In the nucleus.

What are the building block that DNA is made up of?

They are called Nucleotides.

What are the 3 components which nucleotides are made up of?

Phosphate, Sugar and a Nitrogen base.

What 1 part of the nucleotide changes and which 2 parts stay the same?

The nitrogen base changes and the phosphate and sugar stay the same.

What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.

Which nitrogen bases bond together and how many bonds are there?

Adenine and Thymine has 2 bonds.


Cytosine and Guanine have 3 bonds.

The 2 joined chains of base pairs of DNA form to create which structure?

Double helix.

Which nitrogen bases are found in RNA and which pair together?

Adenine and Uracil.


Cytosine and Guanine.

What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA?

1. RNA is single stranded.


2. Sugar in RNA is called ribose.


3. RNA has a nitrogen base called Uracil instead of Thymine.

What are amino acids?

Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein. Protein are long chains of amino acid.

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human contain?

23 pairs and 46 chromosomes altogether.

What does haploid mean and give and example?

One copy of genetic material e.g. gametes, since one haploid chromosome is received from both the mother and the father.

What does diploid mean?

2 copies of genetic material e.g. somatic cells, body cells are split into 2 identical cells.

What determines the sex of a baby?

The mother passes on her X chromosome as the dad passes on their x OR y chromosome which determines the sex of the baby. The x is a girl and the y is a boy.

What are chromosomes?

Chromosomes are tightly coiled DNA and protien that contain genetic material.

What is a sex cell?

gametes.

What is a sex chromosome?

X and Y

What is a body cell?

somatic cells.

What is a body chromosome?

Autosome

What is karyotyping?

Karyotypes shows the pairs of chromosomes within a cell. Taking a picture of the chromosomes to show them clearly.

What is protein synthesis?

Production of more protein within a cell and uses nucleic acid known has Ribonucleic (RNA)

What is the process of transcription in protein synthesis? Where does it take place?

process of copying genetic information using a part of DNA to create a complimentary strand of RNA.


Takes place in the nucleus.

What are the 3 steps of transcription?

1. enzymes unzip the molecule of DNA


2. the free RNA nucleotides from base pairs with their complimentary nucleotides of DNA.


3. The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus.

What is the process of translation in protein synthesis? Where does it take place?

Translation is the process of converting the mRNA strand into a sequence of amino acids that makes up the protein.


Occurs in the ribosome.

What are the 5 steps of translation?

1. a ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand and a tRNA matches with a mRNA.


2. The ribosome then slides over the mRNA strand and converts all the information into amino acids of proteins.


3. The new tRNA molecule carrying the amino acids pairs with the 2nd mRNA codon.


4. The amino acids are joined by a peptide bond and a new chain of amino acids are formed until a stop codon is reached.


5. Amino acids become protein when released from the ribosome and twists up.

What is cell division?

When the cells are being replicated and their information.

What are the 2 cell divison processes and the cell they divide?

Mitosis divides somatic or body cells, meiosis divides sex cells or gametes.

Step 1 of MITOSIS?

Interphase:


'I' meaning identical


This is when the cells are being doubled. So what happened to be 46 chromosomes are now 92.

Step 2 of MITOSIS?

Prophase:


'P' meaning pair


Chromosomes pair up and condense to become visible.

Step 3 of MITOSIS?

Metaphase:


'M' meaning middle


Chromosomes line up in the middle and the spindle fibres attach to the middle of the chromosomes.

Step 4 of MITOSIS?

Anaphase:


'A' meaning apart


Spindle fibres are pulling to divide the chromosomes which are then dragged to either end of the cell.

Step 5 of MITOSIS?

Telophase:


'T' meaning two


An identical copy of the other pair is created and the nucleus surrounds each new cell.

What is the end result of MITOSIS?

Produces 2 new cells which are identical.

What are the steps of MEIOSIS?

I P1 M1 A1 T1 P2 M2 A2 T2


Interphase, Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2.


*There is no second interphase since the chromosomes have already been doubled*

What is the outcome of MEIOSIS?

Produces 4 new un-identical cells


*due to crossing over*

Similarities between MITOSIS and MEIOSIS?

- Have interphase where the DNA is replicated (only occurs once)


- Start with a cell that has 46 chromosomes


- End product is a new cell


- Both contain the steps of IPMAT

Differences in MITOSIS?

- Replicate somatic / body cells


- produces 2 new cells


- diploid cells (46 chromosomes)


- IPMAT


- cells are identical

Differences in MEIOSIS?

- replicates gametes (sex cells)


- produce 4 new cells


- haploid cells (23 chromosomes)


- IPMATPMAT


- cells are non identical (due to crossing over)