Biology Test #2 Chapter 10

Front 1

the monomer unit of DNA and RNA

Back 1

nucleotide

Front 2

Nucleotides contain what three things?

Back 2

nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

Front 3

By nitrogenous base it just means that it contains ______?

Back 3

nitrogen

Front 4

the only 2 organic molecules that contain nitrogen are:

Back 4

nucleic acids and proteins

Front 5

DNA was discovered by?

Back 5

James D. Watson and Francis Crick with Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Front 6

DNA's structure is what?

Back 6

a double-stranded helix

Front 7

DNA is made up of 2 ______ chains.

Back 7

polynucleotide (many nucleotides)

Front 8

DNA is joined with ____ bonds between bases?

Back 8

hydrogen

Front 9

The base pairs in DNA?

Back 9

Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine

Front 10

DNA replication is ______ meaning that the new helix has 1 old strand and 2 new?

Back 10

semiconservative

Front 11

In DNA replication, the 2 strands _____ and each strand is used as a _____ to produce a new strand?

Back 11

separate, pattern

Front 12

DNA replication happens _____ to cell division? New strands form on the ______?

Back 12

prior, inside

Front 13

In DNA replication, DNA unwinds to produce a ____?

Back 13

bubble

Front 14

DNA Replication proceeds in _____ directions?

Back 14

both

Front 15

DNA replication occurs in _____ directions because of the way the two strands complement one another?

Back 15

opposite

Front 16

_______ make DNA replication happen?

Back 16

Proteins

Front 17

_______ have a special shape that makes them suited to one things only. There was a protein for each job in DNA replication.

Back 17

Proteins

Front 18

Proteins involved in DNA replication and their purpose:

Back 18

DNA polymerase (enzyme)- adds nucleotides to a growing chain.
DNA ligase joins small fragments into a continuous chain.

Front 19

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

Back 19

gene

Front 20

DNA is ______ into RNA.

Back 20

transcribed (copied)

Front 21

RNA is _______ into protein?

Back 21

translated

Front 22

Proteins determine the ______ of an organism? (how fast, slow metabolism is, etc)

Back 22

phenotype

Front 23

DNA Transcription occurs inside the ____ and forms ____ which is then translated into _____?

Back 23

nucleus, RNA, proteins

Front 24

Protein construction involves the conversion of a _____ sequence to an ______ sequence?

Back 24

nucleotide, amino acid

Front 25

Transcription rewrites _____ code into _____.

Back 25

DNA, RNA

Front 26

3 nucleotides is also known as a _____?

Back 26

codon

Front 27

Each codon is = to ____?

Back 27

an amino acid

Front 28

There are ____ codons possible?

Back 28

64

Front 29

Some amino acids have _____ codons?

Back 29

more than one

Front 30

____ codons correspond to amino acids. There are ___ stop codons that signal the end of translation.

Back 30

61, 3

Front 31

____ signals the start of transcription?

Back 31

AUG

Front 32

There is _____ with codons, meaning that there is more than one codon for some amino acids.

Back 32

redundance

Front 33

Stages of Transcription and what happens in them?

Back 33

1. Initiation- RNA polymerase bonds to a promoter.
2. Elongation- RNA nucleotides are added.
3. Termination- RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon & detaches from the template strand.

Front 34

What is the difference in RNA with the base pairs?

Back 34

Adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine.

Front 35

A _____ codon marks the start of an mRNA message?

Back 35

initiation

Front 36

_____ brings together the components needed to begin RNA synthesis?

Back 36

Initiation

Front 37

mRNA bonds to _____ at the start proton?

Back 37

a small ribosome

Front 38

The addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain?

Back 38

Elongation

Front 39

Three steps of Elongation and what happens in them?

Back 39

1.Codon recognition- next tRNA binds to the mRNA
2. Peptide bond formation- joining of new amino acids
3. Translocation- tRNA is released from the ribosome and a new amino acid/tRNA combination move in and takes its place

Front 40

Three forms of RNA

Back 40

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomes

Front 41

____ RNA codons for protein sequences?

Back 41

Messenger

Front 42

In Messenger RNA there is _____ instead of thymine.

Back 42

uracil

Front 43

_____ RNA matches an amino acid codon to a mRNA codon.

Back 43

Transfer

Front 44

Transfer RNA brings in the ______?

Back 44

amino acids

Front 45

Transfer RNA works with ____ and the _____? All three of these also work together during _____.

Back 45

mRNA, ribosome, translation

Front 46

Ribosomes are _____ (shape)?

Back 46

Globular

Front 47

Getting the DNA code from the nucleus via the RNA and using that pattern to create the protein that makes you specifically you?

Back 47

Translation

Front 48

change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Back 48

mutation

Front 49

replacement of one nucleotide with another

Back 49

base substitutions

Front 50

alter the reading frame of the mRNA so that nucleotides are grouped into different codons

Back 50

deletions or insertions

Front 51

Mutations can be ______, which means that they are due to errors in DNA replication or recombination or induced by _____.

Back 51

spontaneous, mutagens

Front 52

In high energy radiation, the shorter the wavelength, _____?

Back 52

the more damaging it is to your cell Ex: UV, gamma --> moves nucleotides around

Front 53

____ enzymes go up DNA and try to fix it

Back 53

Repair Enzymes

Front 54

The only way that mutations are passed on to offspring is if the ____ and the _____ are mutated. The mutations that happen in ____ cells aren't passed on to other generations.

Back 54

egg, sperm, somatic

Front 55

Genetic material (DNA/RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Back 55

Viruses

Front 56

_____ proteins (in the tail fibers) binds to receptors on a host's target cell.

Back 56

Viral

Front 57

With most viruses, the ______ cell is destroyed, and newly replicated viruses are released to continue the infection.

Back 57

host

Front 58

Two types of reproductive cycles in viruses?

Back 58

1. Lytic cycle
2. Lysogenic cycle

Front 59

Why aren't viruses considered alive?

Back 59

They can't reproduce without a host cell.

Front 60

In the _____ cycle, viral parts are produced using host organelles. The host lyses, breaks down and viruses are released which makes their own proteins instead of your own.

Back 60

Lytic

Front 61

In the _____ cycle, Viral DNA is inserted into the host chromosome. Viral DNA is duplicated during mitosis along with the host chromosome.

Back 61

Lysogenic

Front 62

_____ signals can switch a virus from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle.

Back 62

Environmental

Front 63

a virus that infects a bacteria

Back 63

phage

Front 64

Once it's inside the cell and part of the chromosome is incorporated into the host DNA is known as?

Back 64

prophage

Front 65

DNA and RNA have a ________ backbone?

Back 65

sugar-phosphate

Front 66

There is ____bonding between the phosphate and the sugar?

Back 66

covalent