Biology Test 3

Front 1

Sinoatrail (SA Node)

Back 1

a small mass of specialized msucle in the wall of the right atrium; generates electrical signal rhythmically and spontaneously and serves as the heart's pacemaker.

Front 2

Atroventricular (AV Node

Back 2

a specialized mass of muscle as the base of the right atrium through which the electrical activity initiated in the sinoatrial node is transmitted to the ventricles

Front 3

Purkinjie fibers:

Back 3

specialized cardiac muscle cells that rapidly conduct electrical signals from the AV bundle branches up into both ventricles, causing them to contract simultaneously.

Front 4

Plasma

Back 4

the fluid, noncellular portion of the blood

Front 5

Erythorcytes

Back 5

a red blood cell, active in oxygen transport that contains red pigment hemoglobin

Front 6

Hemoglobin

Back 6

the iron containing protein that gives red blood cells their color; binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to the tissues

Front 7

Erythorpoietin

Back 7

a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to oxygen deficiency that simulate the production of fed blood cells by the bone marrow

Front 8

Leukocytes

Back 8

any of the white blood cell circulating in the blood

Front 9

Macrophages

Back 9

a type of white blood cell that engulfs microbes and destroys them byb phagocytosis; also presents microbial atigen to T cells, helping stimulate the immune response.

Front 10

Lymphocytes

Back 10

a type of white blood cell important in the immune response.

Front 11

Platelets

Back 11

a cell fragment that is formed from megakaryocytes in bone marrow and lacks a nucleus; circulates in the blood and plays a role in blood clotting.

Front 12

Blood Clotting

Back 12

a complex process by which platelets, the protein fibrin, and red blood cells block an irregular surface in or on the body, such as a damaged blood vessel sealing the wound

Front 13

Thrombin

Back 13

an enzyme produced in the blood as a result of injury to a blood vessel; catalyzes the prodcution of fibrin, a protein that assits in blood clot formation

Front 14

Fibrinogen

Back 14

the inactive form of the lcottin protein fibrin. Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by the enzyme thrombin, which is produced in response to injury.

Front 15

Fibrin

Back 15

a clotting protein formed in the blood in response to a wound; binds with other fibrin molecules and provides a matrix around which a blood clot forms.

Front 16

Arterioles

Back 16

a samll artery that empties into apillaries. constriction of the arteriole regulates blood flow to various parts of the body.

Front 17

Capillaries

Back 17

the smallest type of blood vessel connecting arterioles with vevnules. Capillary walls, through which the exchange of nutriens and wastes occrus, are only one cell thick.

Front 18

Interstitial Fluid

Back 18

fluid similar in compostion to plasma that lekas from capillaries and acts as a medium of exchange between teh body cells and the capillaries

Front 19

Venules

Back 19

a narrow vessel with thin walls that carries blood from paillaires to viens.

Front 20

Lymphatic system

Back 20

a system consisting of lymph vessels, lymph capillaries, lymp nodes, and the thymus and spleen; helps protect the body agaisnt infection, absorbs fats and returns excess fluid and small proteins to the blood ciruclatory system.

Front 21

lymph

Back 21

a pale fluid, within the lymphatic system, that is composed primarily of interstitial fluid and lymphocytes

Front 22

tonsils

Back 22

a patch of lymphatic tissue consisting of connective tissue that contains many lymphocytes; located pharynx.

Front 23

lymph nodes

Back 23

a small structures that filters lymph; contains lymphocytes and macrophages, which inactivate foregin partilces such as bacteria

Front 24

thymus

Back 24

an organ of the lymphatic system that is located in the upper chest in front of the heart and that secretes thymosin, which stimulates lymphocyte maturation.

Front 25

spleen

Back 25

an organ of the lymphatic system in which lymphocytes are produced and blood is filtered past lymphocytes and macrophages, which remove foreign particles and aged red blood cells

Front 26

atherosclerosis

Back 26

a disease characterized by the obstruction of arteries by cholesterol deposits and thickening of the arterial walls.

Front 27

plaques

Back 27

a deposit of cholesterol and other fatty substances within the wall of an artery

Front 28

heart attack

Back 28

a severe reduction or blockage of blood flow through a coronary artery, depriving some of the heart muscle of its blood supply

Front 29

stroke

Back 29

an interruption of blod flow to part of the brain caused by the rupture of an artery or the blocking of an artery by a blood clot. Loss of blood supply leads to rapid death of the area of the brain affected.

Front 30

angina

Back 30

chest pain associated with reduced blood flow to the heart muscle caused by the obstruction of coronary arteries.

Front 31

alveoli

Back 31

a tiny air sac within the lugns, surrounded by capillaires, where gas exchange with the blood occurs.

Front 32

bronchi

Back 32

a tube that conducts air from trachea to each lung (aka bronchus)

Front 33

Bronchiole

Back 33

a narrow tube, formed by repeated branching of the bronchi, that conducts air into the alveoli.

Front 34

bulk flow

Back 34

the movment of many molecules of a gas or fluid in unison from an area of high pressure to an areas of lower pressure

Front 35

Conducting Portion

Back 35

the portion of the respiratory system in lung-breathing vertebrates that carries air to the alveoli

Front 36

Gas Exchange Portion

Back 36

The portion of the respiratory system in teh lung-breathing vertebrates where gas is exchanged in teh alveoli of the lungs

Front 37

Larynx

Back 37

that portion of the air passage between teh pharynx and the trachea; contains the vocal chords

Front 38

Lung

Back 38

A paried respiratory organ in whcih gas excvhange occurs, consiting of inflatable chabers within the chest cavity

Front 39

Pharynx

Back 39

in vertebrates, a chamber that is located at teh back of the mouth and is shared by teh digestive and respiratory systems; in some invertebrates, the portion of the digestive tube just posterior to the mouth

Front 40

Trachea

Back 40

in birds and mammals, a flexible tube, supported by rings of cartilage, that condcuts air between teh larynx and the bronchi; in insects, and elaborately branching tube that carries air from opening called spiracles near each body cell

Front 41

Vocal Chords

Back 41

one of the pair of bands of elastic tissue that extend across the opening of the larynx and produce sound when air is forced between them. Muscles alter the tension on the vocal cords and control the size and shape of the opneing, which in turn determines whether the sound is prodduced and what its pitch will be.

Front 42

Heimlick maneuver

Back 42

Grasp hands between navel and breabone. And then quickly and forcefully pull upward and toward your body

Front 43

Exhalation

Back 43

the act of releasing air from teh lugns, which results from a relaxation of the respiratory muscles

Front 44

Inhalation

Back 44

the act of drawing air into the lungs by enlarging the chest activity

Front 45

Repiratory center

Back 45

a cluster of neruons, located in teh medulla of the brain, that sends rhythmic bursts of nerve impulses to the respiratory muscles, resulting in breathing.

Front 46

Diaphragm

Back 46

in the respiratory system, a dome shaped msucle fomring the floor of the cehst cavityt hat, whent it contracts, pull itself downward, enlarging the chest cavity nad causing the air to be drawn into the lungs

Front 47

calorie

Back 47

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Front 48

Calorie

Back 48

a unit of energy, in which the energy content of foods is measure; the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water 1 degree Cesius; also called a kilocalorie, equal to 1000 calories.

Front 49

Essential Fatty Acid

Back 49

a fatty acid that is required nutrient; the body is unable to manufacture essential amino acids, so they must be supplied in the diet.

Front 50

Nutrient

Back 50

a substance acquired from the environment and needed for the survival growth, and development of an organism.

Front 51

Essentail Amino Acid

Back 51

an amino acid that is a required nutrient; the body is unable to manufacture essential amino acids, so they must be supplied in the diet

Front 52

Mineral

Back 52

an inorganic substance, especially one in rocks or soil

Front 53

Vitamin

Back 53

one of a group o fdiverse chemicals that must be present in trace amoutns in the diet to maitain health; used by the body in conjunction with enzymes in a variety of metabolic reactions

Front 54

Nutrition

Back 54

the process of acquiring nutrients from environment and, if necessary, processing them into a form that can be used by the body.

Front 55

Digestion

Back 55

the process by which food is physicall and chemically broken down into molecules that can be absorbed by cells

Front 56

Digestive System

Back 56

a group of organs responsible for ingesting and then digesting food substanceinto simple molecules that can be absorbed and then expelling undigested wastes from the body.

Front 57

Absorption

Back 57

the process by which nutrients are taken into cells

Front 58

Amylase

Back 58

an enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic secretions, that catalyzes the breakdown of starch

Front 59

bile

Back 59

a liquid secretion, produced by the liver, that is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion; a complex mixture of bile salts, water, other salts, and cholesterol.

Front 60

Body Mass Index

Back 60

a number derived from an individual’s weight and height used to estimate body fat. The formula is weigh/ height

Front 61

Colon

Back 61

the longest part of the large intestine, exclusive of the rectum

Front 62

Epigolottis

Back 62

a flap of cartialge in the lower phaynx that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing; directs food down the esophagus.

Front 63

feces

Back 63

a semisolid waste material that remains in the intestine after absorption in complete and is voided through the anus. Feces consist of indigestible wastes and bacteria.

Front 64

gallbaldder

Back 64

a small sac, next to the liver, in which the bile secreted by the liver is stored and concentrated. Bile is released from the gallbladder to the small intestine through the bile duct.

Front 65

Lacteal

Back 65

a single lymph capillary that penetrates each villus of the small intestine

Front 66

Large Intestine

Back 66

the final section of the digestive tract; consists of the colon and the rectum. the

Front 67

Liver

Back 67

an organ with varied functions including bile production, glycogen storage, and the detoxification of poisons.

Front 68

Microvillus

Back 68

a microscopic projection of the plasma membrane of each villus; increases the surface area of the villus.

Front 69

mouth

Back 69

the opening of a tubular digestive system into which food is first introduced.

Front 70

Pancrease

Back 70

a combined exocrine and endocrine gland located in the abdominal cavity next to the stomach. The endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate glucose concentrations in the blood. The exocrine portion secrets enzymes for fat, carbohydrate, and protein digestion into the small intestine and neutralizes the acidic chime.

Front 71

Pancreatic Juice

Back 71

a mixture of water, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes released by the pancreas into the small intestine

Front 72

Peristalisis

Back 72

rhythmic coordinated contractions of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract that move substances through the digestive tract.

Front 73

Phrynx

Back 73

n vertebrate, a chamber that is located at the back of the mouth and is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems; in some invertebrate the portion of the digestive tube just posterior to the mouth.

Front 74

Pyloric sphincter

Back 74

a circular muscle, located at the base of the stomach, that regulate the passage of chime into the small intestine.

Front 75

Rectum

Back 75

the terminal portion of the vertebrate digestive tube, where feces are stored until they can be eliminated.

Front 76

Small intestine

Back 76

the portion of the digestive tract, located between teh stomach and large intestine, in which most idgestion and absoorption of nutrients occur.

Front 77

Stomach

Back 77

the muscular sac between the esophagus and small intestine where food is stored and mechanically broken down and in which protein digestion begins.

Front 78

Villi

Back 78

a fingerlike projection of the wall of te small intestine that increases te absorptive surface area.

Front 79

Ammonia

Back 79

NH3; a high toxic nitrogen containing waste product of amino acid breakdown. In the mammalian liver, it is converted to urea.

Front 80

Excretion

Back 80

the elimination of waste substances from the body; can occur from the digestive, skin glands, urinary system, or lungs.

Front 81

Homeostasis

Back 81

the maintenance of relatively constant environment required for the optimal functioning of cells, maintained by the coordinated activity of numerous regulatory mechanisms, including the respiratory, endocrine, circulatory, and excretory systems.

Front 82

Intersitial Fluid

Back 82

fluid similar in composition to plasma, that leaks from capillaries and acts as a medium of exchange between the body cells and capillaries.

Front 83

Kidney

Back 83

one pair of organs of the excretory system that is located on either side of the spinal column and filter blood, removing wastes and regulating the composition and water content of blood.

Front 84

Urea

Back 84

water soluble, nitrogen containing waste product of amino acid breakdown; one of the principal components of mammalian urine.

Front 85

Uric Acid

Back 85

a nitrogen containing waste product of amino acid breakdown; a relatively insoluble white crystal excreted by birds, reptiles, and insects

Front 86

Urinary System

Back 86

the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine, which contains cellular wastes excess water and nutrients, and toxic or foreign substance. The urginary system is critical for maintaining the homeostatic conditions within the bloodstream. It includes the kidneys, urethra, bladder, and urethra.

Front 87

Urine

Back 87

the fluid produced and excreted by the urinary system of vertebrates; contains water and dissolved wastes, such as urea

Front 88

Renal Artery

Back 88

the artery carrying blood to each kidney

Front 89

Renal Vein

Back 89

the vein carrying blood away from each kidney

Front 90

Ureter

Back 90

tube that conducts urine from each kidney to the bladder.

Front 91

Bladder

Back 91

the hollow muscular storage organ for storing urine.

Front 92

Urethra

Back 92

the tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body; in males the urethra also receives sperm from the bas deferens and conducts both sperm and urine (at different times) to the tip of the penis.

Front 93

Renal Cortex

Back 93

the outer layer of the kidney; where neprhons are located

Front 94

Renal Medulla

Back 94

the layer of the kidney just inside the renal cortex; where loops of Henel produce a highly concentrated interstitial fluid, important in the production of concentrated urine.

Front 95

Renal Pelvis

Back 95

the inner chamber of the kidney; where urine from collecting ducts accumulated before it enters the ureters.

Front 96

Nephrons

Back 96

the functional unit of the kidney; where blood is filtered and urine formed

Front 97

Bowman's Capsule

Back 97

the cup-shaped portion of the neprhon in which blood filtrate is collected from the glomerulus.

Front 98

Tubule

Back 98

the tubular portion of the neprhons remove additional wastes from the blood, actively secreting those wastes into the tubule.

Front 99

Collecting Ducts

Back 99

a conducting tube, within the kidney, that collects urine from nay neprhons and conducts it through the renal medulla into the renal pelvis. Urine may become concentrated in the collecting ducts if ADH is present.

Front 100

antidiuretic hormone

Back 100

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary when blood volume is low; increases the permeability of the distal tubule and the collecting duct to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream

Front 101

filtrate

Back 101

the fluid produced by filtration; in kidneys, the fluid produced by thte filtration of blood through the glomerular capillaries.

Front 102

filtration

Back 102

within Bowman’s capsule in each neprhon of a kidney, the process by which blood is pumped under pressure through permeable capillaries of the glomerulus, forcing out water, dissolved wastes, and nutrients.

Front 103

glomerulus

Back 103

a dense network of thin-walled capillaries, located within the Bowman’s capsule of each neprhon of the kidney, where blood pressure forces water and dissolved nutrients through capillary walls for filtration by the neprhon.

Front 104

hemodialysis

Back 104

a procedure that stimulate kidney function in individuals with damaged or ineffective kidneys; blood Is diverted from the body, artificially filtered, and returned to the body

Front 105

Loop of Henle

Back 105

a specialized portion of the tubule of the neprhon in birds and mammals that creates an osmotic concentration gradient in the fluid immediately surrounds it. This gradient in turn makes possible the production of urine more osmoticaly concentrated than blood plasma.

Front 106

osmoregulation

Back 106

homeostatic maintenance of the water and salt content of the body within a limited range.

Front 107

tubular reabsorption

Back 107

the process by which cells of the tubule of the neprhon remove water and nutrients from the filtrate within the tubule and return those substances to the blood.

Front 108

Tubular Secretion

Back 108

the process by which cells of the tubule of the neprhon remove additional wastes from the blood, actively secreting those wastes into the tubule.

Front 109

Microbes

Back 109

a microorganism

Front 110

Immune System

Back 110

cells such as macrophages, B cells, and T cells, and molecules such as antibodies that work together to combat microbial invasion of the body.

Front 111

Fever

Back 111

an elevation in body temperature caused by chemicals (pyrogens) that are released by white blood cells in response to infection

Front 112

Macrophage

Back 112

a type of white blood cell that engulfs microbes and destroys them by phagocytosis also present microbial antigens to T cells, helping stimulate the immune response.

Front 113

Phagocytic Cell

Back 113

a type of endocytosis in which extensions of a plasma membrane engulf extracellular particles and transportthem into the interior of the cell.

Front 114

Antibody

Back 114

a protein, produced by cells of the immune system, that combine with a specific antigen and normally facilitates the destruction of the antigen

Front 115

Antigen

Back 115

a complex molecule, normally a protein or polysaccharide, that stimulates the production of a specific antibody.

Front 116

B- cell

Back 116

a type of lymphocyte that participates in humoral immunity; gives rise to plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the circulatory system, and to memory cells.

Front 117

Cytotoxic T cell

Back 117

a type of T cell, that upon contacting foreign cells, directly destroys them.

Front 118

Histamine

Back 118

a substance released by certain cells in response to tissue damage and invasion of the body by foreign substances; promotes the dilation of arterioles and leakiness of capillaries nad triggers some of the events of the inflammatory response.

Front 119

Immune System

Back 119

cells such as macrophages, B cells, and T cells, and molecules such as antibodies that work together to combat microbial invasion of the body.

Front 120

Lymphocyte

Back 120

a type of white blood cell important in the immune response.

Front 121

Mast cells

Back 121

a cell of the immune system that synthesizes histamine and other molecules used in the body’s response to trauma and that are a factor in allergic reactions

Front 122

Natural Killer Cell

Back 122

a type of white blood cell that destroys some virus-infected cells and cancerous cells on contact; part of the immune system’s nonspecific internal defense against disease.

Front 123

T cell

Back 123

a type of lymphocyte that recognizes and destroys specific foreign cells or substance or that regulate other cells of the immune system.

Front 124

T-cell receptor

Back 124

a protein receptor, located on the surface of a T cell, that binds a specific antigen and triggers the immune response of the T cell.

Front 125

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Back 125

the infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and destroys T cells, thus weakening the immune system.

Front 126

Allergy

Back 126

the inflammatory response produced by the body in response to invasion y foreign materials, such as pollen, that are themselves harmless.

Front 127

Autoimmune Disease

Back 127

a disorder in which the immune system produces antibodies against the body’s own cells.

Front 128

Cancer

Back 128

a disease in which some of the body’s cell escape from normal regulatory processes and divided without control.

Front 129

Cell Mediated Immunity

Back 129

an immune response in which foreign cells or substances are destroyed by contact with T cells.

Front 130

Clonal Selection

Back 130

the mechanism by which the immune response gains specificity; an invading antigen elicits a response from only a few lymphocytes, which proliferate to form a clone of cells that attack only the specific antigen that stimulated their production.

Front 131

Helper T Cell

Back 131

a type of cell that helps other immune cells recognize and act against antigens.

Front 132

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Back 132

a pathogenic virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) by attacking and destroying the immune system’s helper T cells.

Front 133

Humorla Immunity

Back 133

an immune response in which foreign substances are inactivated or destroyed by antibodies that circulate in the blood.

Front 134

Inflammatory Response

Back 134

a nonspecific, local response to injury to the body, characterized by the phagocytosis of foreign substances and tissue debris by white blood cells and by the walling off of the injury site by the clotting of fluids that escape from nearby blood vessels.

Front 135

Major Histocompatibiliy Complex

Back 135

proteins, normally located on the surfaces of the body cells, that identify the cell as “self”; also important in stimulating and regulating the immune response.

Front 136

Memory B Cell

Back 136

a type of white blood cell that is produced as a result of the binding of an antibody on a B cell to an antigen on an invading microorganism. Memory B cells persist in the bloodstream and provide future immunity to invaders bearing that antigen.

Front 137

Memory T cell

Back 137

a type of white blood cell that is produced as a result of the binding of a receptor on a T cell to an antigen on an invading microorganism. Memory T cells persist in the bloodstream and provide future immunity to invaders bearing that antigen.

Front 138

Plasma Cell

Back 138

an antibody-secreting descendant of a B cell.

Front 139

Severe Combind Immune Deficiency

Back 139

a disorder in which no immune cells, or very few, are formed; the immune system is incapable of responding properly to invading disease organisms, and the individual is very vulnerable to common infections

Front 140

Vaccination

Back 140

an injection into the body that contains antigens characteristic of a particular disease organism and that stimulates and immune response.