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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In Tay-Sachs, the cause of the disease can be traced to several mutations the Hexa gene, which encodes for an enzyme crucial for the degradation of a brain ________.
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fatty acid
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The _________ is a useful device to determine the probability of inheritance, and is usually represented by a 2 x 2 grid showing combinations of parental alleles.
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Punnett Square
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__________ is the most common genetic disorder in the United States.
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Cystic fibrosis
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Duchene muscular dystrophy and Color blindness are examples of _______ disorders.
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Sex-linked
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Chromosomal disorders are a group of genetic disorders where the genetic changes have occurred at the level of the __________
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chromosomes
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In 1977, Fred Sanger developed the technology for sequencing DNA, and was the first person to sequence the DNA of a _________.
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virus
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The human genome contains about ________ bases.
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3 billion
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Although the number of _______ in the human genome was estimated to be about 100,000, in fact it turned out to only be about a quarter of that.
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genes
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Even thought humans have relatively few genes, the process of _______ allows for the same exons to encode for multiple proteins.
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Alternative splicing
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Even though we are one of the most complex organisms on the planet, less than ____ percent of the human genome is used to encode functional proteins.
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2
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In eukaryotic organisms, genes are not contiguous, but instead are split into small segments, known as ________.
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exons
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DNA sequences that resemble genes but are non-functional and are likely to be the remains of once-active genes that have mutated into non-functional genes are called _______.
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pseudogenes
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_______ are examples of repeating sequences in the human genome, with repeats of only 2 to 3 base pairs
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Microsatellites
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Some of the most abundant junk DNA in the human genome is made of ________, which are DNA sequences that behave like viruses and act independently.
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Transposons
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The sequencing of the human genome shows us that _______ is power, _______ is predicting, and that ________ is ruling.
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Knowledge Explaining, Predicting
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Type I diabetes is an ________ disease, because the bodies own cells are perceived to be foreign and are destroyed by the immune system.
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autoimmune
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Fetal alcohol syndrome is a _________ disorder, where the normal brain is altered by a prenatal exposure to alcohol.
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developmental
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For Fetal Alcohol syndrome, it appears that the greatest damage is done during the time most mothers do not know when they are __________.
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pregnant
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After an egg is fertilized by a sperm it forms a ______ .
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zygote
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The mixing of cells from two different fertilized eggs together will result in a mosaic creature known as a _______.
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chimera
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Children, nicknamed Snowflake Kids, are children who have been born from ______ embryos.
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frozen
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Any developmental biologist will assert that the most important event in your life is not birth, marriage, or death but it is _________ .
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gastrulation
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The frequency of conjoined twins is 1 in ________ births.
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200,000
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The _______ layer of the gastrula will go on to form the muscle, cartilage, and bone of the fetus.
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mesoderm
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Although many people feel that the birth of a child is a miracle, it is even more astounding when one considers the fact that over _____ percent of embryos are either unable to undergo gastrulation or fail to successfully execute it.
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35
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Fertilization in humans occurs in one of the females _________.
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Fallopian tubes
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In 1997, , the cloning of a sheep named _______ provided proof that nuclear transfer of DNA also works in mammals.
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Dolly
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Spinal cord injuries are not treatable because cranial nerve cells in adult humans cannot ______ once they are injured.
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regenerate
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Scientists have found that there are a small group of genes known as the ______ genes which are responsible for directing the body pattern formation in all animals.
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homeobox
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The simple round worm known as Caenorhabditis elegans is a great model organism to study development because it has less than _______ cells.
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1,000
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Sexual reproduction creates__________ between the sexes.
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conflict
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__________ within a species benefits the species by guaranteeing that some members of the species can adapt to ________________ changes.
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heterogeneity, environment
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Human males produce _____________ to _____________ sperm per ejaculation, which increases the chance of _____________.
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200 million, 300 million, fertilization
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The operational sex ratio is a ratio between ____________ males to _________ females.
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sexually receptive; sexually receptive
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The OSR reflects a situation of ___________ and _____________.
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supply; demand
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Ibex males will _____________ other males for the chance to take control of the female herd and thus mate with them.
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fight
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When another lion takes over a pride, he will typically _____________ the cubs, which will in turn causes the female to be__________________ towards him.
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kills; sexually receptive
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Some insect species use ______________________ , in the form of food, to attract potential mates.
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mating gifts
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_________________ ________________ is a type of male competition where the males search for and mate with females as soon as they are sexually receptive
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scramble competition
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____________ ______________ is an category of male attraction strategies, where the male will have showy feathers or vibrant plumage which is used to attract females.
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Ornamental Display
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As seen in the video, lyrebirds will mark out several territories on the forest floor and perform a song and dance. These territories are otherwise known as _____________.
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leks
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Morphological and ________ attributes of a male that lead to successful mating will be passed on to the next generation.
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Behavioral
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Male ruby-throated humming birds will defend _______________ that females need for reproduction.
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resources
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__________ is defined as using the biological traits of an organism; the ________ of these traits results in a female or male organism.
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sex, sum
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The male sex hormone is _______________, which is produced by the ________________ and the ___________.
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testosterone; testes; adrenal glands
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__________ is defined as using the biological traits of an organism; the ________ of these traits results in a female or male organism.
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sex, sum
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The male sex hormone is _______________, which is produced by the ________________ and the ___________.
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testosterone; testes; adrenal glands
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All _________ have the potential to become either male or female because they both have the same chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes.
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embryos
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At __________ after fertilization an embryo will receive cues that will determine if it will develop as either male or female.
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6 weeks
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Under the influence of estrogen, the ____________ ducts will begin to transform into internal female ___________.
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Mullerian; genitalia
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In male embryos the ____________ gene on the Y chromosome becomes active at around 6 weeks after fertilization.
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SRY
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In males, testosterone stimulates the development of the ___________ ducts into internal genitalia, while the ___________ develops into external the genitalia.
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Wolffian; cloaca
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Although, the SRY gene acts as a ________________, there are about ________________ genes implicated in sexual development.
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master switch; 10-12
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Estrogens and testosterone belong to a group of hormones called ____________, and both originate from the same precursor, ________________.
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steroid hormones; cholesterol
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______________ occurs in 1:1,000 male births and the characteristics of this syndrome are infertility, abnormal secondary sex characteristics, and long limb physique.
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Kleinfelter syndrome
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_________________ or super male syndrome occurs in 1 out of every 850 male births and the male will exhibit _____________ secondary sex characteristics and will be _____________.
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XXY; normal; fertile
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In crocodiles _____________ determines the sex of the offspring.
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temperature
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___________ is an attitude that attributes human motivations, characteristics, or behaviors to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena.
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Anthropomorphism
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In males, both the primary and the secondary ________ characteristics are the under the control of testosterone.
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sexual
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Females may choose a male bird with the most perfect plumage because dull or drab feathers may indicate that a male is carrying many _________ .
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parasites
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The intensity of the red color in the feathers of the male house finch is related to how well he
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forages
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Human _______ are an advertisement for good genes, fertility, and health, and particularly humans are attracted to perfect symmetry in this feature.
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faces
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It has been shown that human _____ genes, which are important in fighting off disease, can be detected by females who can tell smell the proteins these genes produce.
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MHC
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When human females pick faces of potential male mates, it was noticed that their choice was dependent on their level of sexual susceptibility. For instance, during _______ , the females tended to select a masculine sexual partner.
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ovulation
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Male _________ capture prey and pass it to the female in mid-flight, as a way to demonstrate his hunting and aerial skills.
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Marsh Harriers
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When you are hungry and smell food cooking, you automatically start to salivate. This is an example of a _______ which triggers a fixed action pattern.
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sign stimuli
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In wolf spiders, the males display a large ________ on their legs, which they use to entice a female to breed.
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tuft of hair
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The migration and mating behavior of sockeye salmon results from a powerful biological ______ that is triggered by both genetic and environmental factors, causing the adults to make a 1,500 mile journey to spawn.
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drive
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For humans, riding a bicycle is an example of a learned ________ program, because it takes multiple steps to perform the task.
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motor
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A ________ causation describes how or by what mechanism an animal behaves.
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proximate
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Chimpanzee society is dominated by ______ who often kill young behave violently.
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males
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One explanation for why Bonobo societies developed differently from chimpanzees was due to the extinction of __________ who once prevented Bonobos from feeding on the ground.
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gorillas
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With the current growth rate of 1.2%, the human global population at 2050 is likely to be over ______ billion.
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nine
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The current population size of _______ is currently at 1.1 billion, and it is predicted that the country of ________ is the world’s most populous nation.
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India, China
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The _________ influences the size of a population by affecting the reproductive strategies that are used by the organisms.
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environment
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Organisms that live in an environment with unstable resources produce a large number of offspring. This type of reproductive strategy is known as ________.
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r-selection
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Species that use the _________ strategy live in an environment with predictable resources and a low predation rate.
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K-selection
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__________ is a measure of how many individuals an environment can support based on the availability of resources.
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Carrying capacity
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Around the year 1 AD, the worlds human population was estimated to be about __________.
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300 million
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The development of societies based on __________ at about 10,000 years ago was largely responsible for expanding the human population.
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agriculture
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Since the industrial revolution, the large growth in the human population has been sustained by the development and the use of __________ for food production.
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technology
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Pandemic diseases, illiteracy, and sanitation breakdowns are just some of the results of human __________.
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overpopulation
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By 2050, the world population could reach 11 billion, if the global fertility rate remains above _____ children per family.
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two
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It has been estimated that the _______ policy has reduced the population of China by as much as 300 to 400 million people.
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one child
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Even though _______ has the longest life expectancy in the world, its population is shrinking because of low _________.
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Japan, birth rates
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Although the birth rate in the U.S. is relatively low, the U.S. population has continued to grow because of the addition of _________.
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immigrants
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Even though sub-Saharan African is experiencing an increase in its population, it also has an epidemic of _______, which is have devastating effects on its population.
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AIDS
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West Nile fever and Japanese encephalitis are examples of diseases caused by _______.
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arboviruses
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An average human brain weighs _____.
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3 pounds
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Even though the brain makes up only ___ percent of the body weight, it uses _____ percent of the body’s energy supply.
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2, 20
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Research has demonstrated that the __________ is the processing center in the brain for short-term memory.
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hippocampus
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Nerve cells are operated by a combination of electrical currents and ___________ transmitters.
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chemical
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Axons release _________ across the cleft of synapses, after receiving electrical signals from nerves.
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neurotransmitters
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These basic functions of nerves have remained essentially unchanged for ________ million years.
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500
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During most of their adult life, __________ workers perform many duties in the hives, however, in the last two weeks of their life, all individuals transform into foragers.
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honey bee
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________ are small mammals of the mongoose family, and are highly social animals, forming groups as large as 40 individuals.
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Meerkats
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Humans live in a ____________ society that has frequent changes in alliances, both between individuals and between groups.
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fission-fusion
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In humans, _______ is a powerful way to attract a mating partner through the demonstration of intelligence, wit, and eloquence.
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language
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A brain’s complexity results mainly from the types and numbers of _________ that each nerve cell has with other nerve cells.
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connections
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