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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain, Kingdom, Division (Botanical) or Phylum (Zoological), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Eukaryotes
Domains + Kingdoms
Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Kingdoms: Protista - "catch all group" all Life Cycles, Fungi - Haploid Life Cycle, Plantae - Alternations of generations Life Cycle, Animalia - Diploid Life Cycle
3 Types of Sexual Life Cycles and Examples
Zygotic Meiosis
Gametic Meiosis
Sporic Meiosis (Alternation of generations)
Morphologies of Bacterial Cells
Baccilli, Cocci, Spirilla
Bacterial Reproduction
Binary Fission (241) - reproduction by budding, or by fragmentation of filaments of cells.
Conjugation (242) - prokaryotic version of sex. pilus from the donor cell comes in contact with recipient cell. Sex pilus retracts pulling the two cells together so that a conjugation tube forms b/w them.
Transformation - when a prokaryote takes up free or naked DNA from the environment.
Ecological roles of bacteria
More than 90% of the Co2 production in the atmosphere results from the metabolic activity of bacteria and fungi.
Incorporate nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds, is of major biological significance.
Different b/w cyanobacteria and purple + green bacteria
cyanobacteria - produces oxygen during photosynthesis, + employ chlorophylla + 2 photosystems during.
Purple and green bacteria - dont produce oxygen during photosynthesis, + employ several different types of bacteriochlorophyll, +only one photosystem
Mycoplasma
bacteria that dont have cell walls, so various forms, free-living in soil + sewage, parasites of the mouth or urinary track of humans, or pathogens in animals and plants. Among plant pathogenic are the spiroplasmas. -motile by means of a rotary motion or slow undulation (lack flagella)
Groups of Different Archaea
Extreme Halophiles - "salt Loving" requires salt, they obtain energy from oxidation of organic compounds + most require oxygen.
Methanogens - produce methane, strictly anerobic, all use ammonium as a nitrogen source.
Extreme thermophilic - hot enviornments, most metabolize sulfur in same way, + are strict anaerobes.
Thermoplasmas - lack cell walls, only in acidic self heating coal piles in so Indiana and west pennsylvania
viruses
submicroscopic parasites of plants, animals, and bacteria, they also parasitze protists and fungi. Consist of a nucleic acid core (viral genome), surrounded by a protein coat (protects and helps virus attach to the next cell or host). Virion is metabolically inserted, virion is by which the viral genome is carried from one host to another. To multiply virus must enlist a host cell in which they can replicate.
way virus multiply
Takes over genetic material of the host cell. spreading by insects with sucking mouth parts, or by wounds made mechanically or by transmission in an ovule by a pollen tube. Once inside a host cell, virion sheads its coat freeing its nucleic acoid. within cell R or DNA multiplies by taking over the cells genetic machinery. single stranded DNA is transported to nucleus + made a double strand, then is used as a template for others.
Division Bacillariophyta
"Diatoms"
Have chlorophylls a and c.
cell walls made of silicon, has two parts, valves or frustules, overlap eachother like a petri dish.
2 basic types of diatoms:
Pennate - motile by gliding, usually has bilateral symmetry.
Centric - non-motile + lacks a raphe system.
Asexual and sexual (haploid type)
spirogyra
(chlorophyta)
conjugating form of reproduction
division dictyosteliomycota
"cellular slime molds"
vegetative stage is an aggregation of amoebae called a pseudoplasmodium or slug (grex).
Asexual and sexual
Asexual involves formation of sorocarps.
Sexual forms mycrocysts
division oomycota
"water molds"
cell walls of cellulose
coencytic hyphae and psudieil
motile cells have 1 tinsel and 1 whiplash flagllium
diploid with gametic meiosis
division myxomycota
"plasmodial or acellular slime molds"
plasmodium produces 1 or more sporangia where meiosis takes place.
spores germinate to form "myxamoebae" or "soarm cells"
ulva
(chorophyta)
sheet like forms
"sea lettuce"
isomorphic alternation of generations.
chlamydomonas
(chlorophyta)
unicellular motile forms.
isogamy
anisogamy - male larger than female.
oogamy - male larger but not motile.
polysiphonia
(rhodophyta)
male and female gametophytes produce antheridial branches with spermation and carpogonia with egg cells.
fertilized eggs (2n) develop into caropsporphytes (on female plants) and make carpospores (2n)
fucus
"rockweeds" phaeophyta
most occur in the interidal zone attached to rocks.
diploid life cycles (gametic meiosis).
reproductive parts are swallen receptacles with male and female conceptacles.
laminaria
Phaeophyta, "kelps"
alternation of generations life cycle.
all (2n) sporophytes have blade, stipe, + hold fast.
hyphae
a single fungal filament, grow rapidly and at their tips, most are divided by partitions, or crosswalls, called septa, thoe hyphae are called septate.
mycelium
a mass of hyphae from one organism.
haustorium
specialized hyphae of parasitic fungi, it absorbs nourishment directly from the cells of other organisms.
parasite
symbionts that are harmful to their hosts.
saporphyte
vast majority of heterotrophs which obtain their carbon from dead organic matter. saprophytic bacteria and fungi are responsible for the decay and recycling of organic material in soil.
symbiont
types of organisms that form mutually beneficial associations.
ascus
sexual reproduction in ascomycetes always involve the formation of an ascus.
a sac-like structure within which haploid ascospores are formed following meiosis.
yeast
a simply unicellular fungus that reproduces primarily by budding.
cleisthothecium
completely enclosed type of ascoma, ascocarp without an opening.
perithecium
a flask shaped ascocarp with a small hole, pore, through which the ascospores escape.
apothecium
an ascoma that maybe open and more or less cup-shaped.
basidia
a club-shaped spore producing structure.
plasmogamy
the fusion of protoplasts.
karyogamy
the fusion of nuclei
dikaryon
where 2 haploid nuclei do not fuse for some time.
photoboint
the photo synthetic component of lichen.
mycobiont
the fungal component of lichen.
mycorrhizae
the symbiotic relationship between roots and fungi.
ecological roles of fungi
yeasts for breweries and baking
antibiotics for penillin.
causes plant diseases.
3 divisions of fungi.
zygomycetes
ascomycetes
basidiomyetes
chytrid
3 classes of basidiomycota
teliomycetes - rusts
ustomycetes - smuts
basidiomycetes - puffballs
2 series of basidiomycetes
hymenomycetes
gasteromycetes
2 classes of ascomycota
yeasts
lichens
fungi sexual life cycle
sexually or asexually
fungi imperfecti
aspergillium
pennicilium
puccinia graminas - which stages occuron wheat and which of barberry
wheat -where dikaryotic aeciospores produced by the aecia then infect the wheat.
barberry - sexual stage.
Byrophytes
Homosporous
Liverwarts, Hornwarts, and mosses
Alternation of generations life cycle
Embryo - produced in multicellular sex organs
Arhegonia and antheridia
Division Hepatophyta
(Liverworts) Byrophytes
Leafy and thallose form
sporophyte with determinant growth
Rhizoids unicellular
Marchantia
Division Anthocerophyta
(Hornworts) Byrophytes
Thallose forms, no leaves
sex organs sunken in the thallus
Interminate growth of the sporophyte (horn)
mature sporangium splits open to release spores.
Division Byrophyta
(mosses) Byrophyta
Leaves not bilobod
sex organs free and emergent
sporophyte with determinant growth
elaters absent in capsules
Lycopodium
Homosporoes
Plants with true roots and microphyllous leaves.
Some species produce compacted spirophylls into a cone or strobilus.
Difference between spore and seed dispersal
Seed:
Protects embryo
contains stored food for embryo at germination
remain dormant until conditions are favorable for growth.
Selaginella
Heterosporous with micro + mega sporangium
megaspores develop into female gametophytes
microspores develop into male gametophytes.
Equestum
Includes "horsetails" and "scouring rushes"
hollow, jointed stems
microphyllous - like leaves
Homosporous
spores with 2 wall layers
Isoetes
"Quillworts"
Each microphyllus leaf is a sporophyll, either a microsporophyll or a megasporophyll.
Heterosporous
Stem is a fleshy "corm"