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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
mRNA
messenger RNA; encloses blueprint for a protein product; transcribed from DNA template; sends coding information to sites of protein synthesis (ribosomes)
codon
series of three adjacent bases in polynucleotide chain of DNA or RNA molecule; codes for specific amino acid
tRNA
transfer RNA;mediates codon recognition and provides corresponding amino acid
transcription
creating equivalent RNA copy of DNA; DNA sequence read by RNA polymerase producing antiparallel strand; uracil used in place of thymine
translation
3rd stage of biosynthesis; mRNA decoded by ribosome to produce specific amino acid chain--polypeptide--which will later form an active protein; occurs in cytoplasm; binds tRNA with mRNA
ribosome
reads coding on mRNA and pairs it with codons of tRNA; ribosomal subunit binds to tRNA (AUG codon), 3 bonding sites (A, P, E)
Gene Therapy
New strands of DNA formed base off of RNA and incorporated into human genome by the enzyme integrase
Restriction Enzymes
DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria; cut within the molecule; cut made b/w C and G; this process is used to form new genetic characteristics
Viral Vectors
used by geneticists to introduce genes into cells; viruses have methods of inserting their DNA; delivery termed transduction
Antisense Therapy
treatment for genetic disorders; when a particular gene is known, specific mRNA can be produced to deactivate it
Suicide Gene
will cause a cell to kill itself through apoptosis; generally induced by p53 protein; potential for cancer treatment
DNA Replication
happens in nucleus; strands separated by enzyme helicase; one DNA is the leading strand and receives continuous replication to complement it; lagging strand requires DNA primers until polymerase can supply real DNA; lagging strand copied one section at a time (as it is backwards)
Mitosis
eukaryotic cell separates chromosomes into two identical sets in 2 nuclei; Interphase (cell prepares for division); Prophase (chromatin condenses into chromosomes); Metaphase (chromosomes separate and convene on metaphase plate); Anaphase (proteins bind sister chromatids and they move to opposite sides of the cell); Telophase (nuclear membrane forms around separate sets of chromosomes); Cytokinesis (two new cells completely separate)
RAS Protein
protein that typically promotes cell division when a growth factor is present on a cell surface; if there is mutation, they will stimulate cell division in absence of the growth factor (cancer)
p53 Protein
tumor suppressor protein; regulates cell cycle; binds to DNA and is involved in preventing cancer
Oncogene
when mutated or expressed at high levels, contributes to converting normal cells into cancer cells; engaged in uncontrolled mitosis
Metastasis
process by which cancer spreads from place to place (as it is moved from original site to another); cancer resulting from spread of primary tumor
Thymine Dimer
molecular lesions formed by thymine or cytosine bases in DNA via photochemical reactions
meiosis
type of cell division needed for reproduction; begins with one cell containing 2 copies of each chromosome producing 4 gamete cells containing distinct DNA; cell division results in 2 daughter cells
metaphase I
nuclear membrane has disappeared and microtubules create spindle fibers which attach to only one end of each centromere; each pair of homologues line up on metaphase plate either maternal or paternal may orient to a given side
anaphase II
spindle fibers contract and sister chromatids move toward opposite ends
crossing over
genetic recombination; chromosomes from sperm and egg become paired; chromosomes pressed together (new genetic material)
independent assortment
occurs because there are various ways for chromosomes to align; two genes must reside on different chromosomes to assort independently (or be far from each other on the chromosome arm)
gamete
cell that fuses with another gamete during reproduction; sperm and ovum
blastocyst
early structure in embroygenesis; possesses inner cell mass which subsequently forms embryo (70-100 cells)
totipotent (stem cell)
cell that has the potential to form an entire organism; stem cells are multipotent (committed to give rise to cells that have a particular function)
in-vitro fertilization
eggs fertilized by sperm outside the body; removing ova and letting sperm fertilize them; zygote injected into uterus
therapeutic cloning (SCNT)
cells taken from patient and inserted into a fertilized egg that has no nucleus; cell permitted to divide repeatedly and form blastocyst; stem cells taken from blastocyst that form tissue that matches patient perfectly; transplantation of cells can treat disease
adult stem cell
undifferentiated cells found throughout body after embryonic cell division; replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissue (self-renew indefinitely)
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus; retrovirus causes human immune system to fail; leads to life-threatening opportunistic infections; primarily infects helper T-cells, macrophages, and dendrite cells; w/o treatment, infected person usually dies within a year; treatment can increase survival time up to five years
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; Progressively reduces effectiveness of immune system; susceptible to opportunistic infection and tumors; no cure or vaccine; prevention is the best method
Retrovirus
RNA virus replicated in host cell via enzyme revers transcriptase; produces DNA which is then integrated into DNA of cell by enzyme integrase; enveloped virus; targets as an obligate parasite
T-Cell
type of white blood cell; key to immune system and at the center of adaptive immunity; soldiers who search and destroy invaders
Antigen
"ANTIbody GENerator"; self antigens tolerated, non-self antigens destroyed; Autoimmune disorders arise when immune system reacts to its own antigens
Reverse Transcriptase
Functions as an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, encoded by retrovirus where they copy viral RNA genome into DNA prior to its integration into host cells
Epidemic
When a certain disease in a given population/time period exceeds what is expected; not necessarily communicable
Pandemic
Epidemic of infections disease spreading through human populations across a large region (continent, world)
Zoonosis
Infection disease in animals that can be transmitted to people; animals are naturals reservoirs for infections agent
Antibody
Gamma globulin proteins found in blood or other bodily fluids; used by immune system to ID and neutralize foreign objects (bacteria and viruses); produced by plasma cell (white blood cells), different antigen binding sites
Vaccine
Biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease; contains a small amount of disease so body can recognize it, destroy it, and create antibodies to counteract if the body encounters it again