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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell
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Smallest and Simpliest form of life
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Cell Varies
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Varie in:
Size Shape Structure and Function |
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Very Small
No Nucleus DNA localized to a region called nucleoid Ex: Bacteria |
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Nucleoid
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Where DNA is localized
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Cystosol
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A semi-fluid jelly like substance enclosed by the membrane where organelles and other components are found
Many chemical reactions occur here |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Varie in size
Animal and Plant Cells Have a nucleus containing the genetic material DNA |
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Cytoplasm
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The interior of a prokaryotic cell
Region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane in the eukaryotic cells |
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Plasma Membrane
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Selective barrier (due to phospholipid layer) that allows sufficent passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the entire cell
Phospholipid bilayer contais proteins including cholestral to help maintain the fluid nature Barrier between the intra and extracellular enviroment |
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Organelles
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Sub Cellular Structures
Can be: Membranous (made of phospoholipid bilayer) or Non-membranous (made of various types of proteins) |
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Transport
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Movelmet of substances in and out of the cell
Passive- No energy required Active- Require ATP |
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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The membrane is a fluid structure with various proteins embedded in or attached to a doulble layer of phospholipids
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Function of Membrane Proteins
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Blood Typing Proteins
Receptors (hormone receptors) Self-Configures (proteins that make the bosy able to recognize itself) Transport Proteins (carry substances in and out of the cell) Pores/Channels (where substances can travel through) Cell to Cell connections |
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Passive Transport
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1)Diffusion
2)Osmosis 3)Facilitated diffusion 4)Dyalysis (all driven by concentration gradients) 5) Filtration (driven by pressure gradient) |
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Active Transport
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Requires energy
1)Exocytosis 2)Endocytosis |
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Molecules diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane
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DIffusion
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Movement if a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached
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Factors that influence diffusion
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1) Concentration (the greater the concentration the faster the rate of diffusion)
2)Energy in system 3)State of matter (gas/liquid/solid) 4) Molecular Weight |
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State of Matter in Diffusion Rate
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Gas is fastest and Solid is the slowesr
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Molecular Weight in Diffusion Rate
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Greater the molecular weight the slower the rate of diffusion
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Concentration in Diffusion Rate
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The more concentrated the faster the diffusion
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Osmosis
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Movement of WATER (universal solvent) from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane until equilibrium is reached
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Solvent
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Liquid that a substance dissolves into
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Solute
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The substance that dissolves into the solvent
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Solution
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Solvent and Solute
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Semi-Permiable Membrane
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Excludes certain molecules based on size and charge
Water moves to reach equalibrium in diffusion because it can cross the membrane (see pic in phone) |
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Dialysis
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Movement of a SOLUTE from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration across a semi-permiable membrane until equalibrium is reached
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Filtration
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Movement of a substance from an area of high pressure to low pressure across a semi-permiable membrane
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Nephrans
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Microscopic filtration units in the kdney
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Glomerulus
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Single long tubule with a ball of capillaries (with blood) which forms a semi-permeable membrane
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Bowman's Capsule
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Surronds the glomerulus
Substances will move into the capsule down a pressure gradient (see picture in phone) |
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Isotonic Soultion
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Water is freely moving but what goes in comes back out because it is already at equilibrium
(see picture in phone) |
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Hypertonic Solution
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Water is going to move out to equal out
Can eventually shrivel and crenate (see picture in phone) |
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Hypotonic Solution
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Water is going in until it explodes
(see picture in phone) |
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Exocytosis
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A process a cell uses to secrete (release) cell products from cell
Usually secreting a secretory vesicle |
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Secretory Vesicle (membrane sac)
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Sac containing a protein that moves using ATP until it reaches the cell membrane
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Endocytosis
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The cell takes in biological molecules and particle matter by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane
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Phagocytosis
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Cell Eating
Take in the molecules and form vacuoles |
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Pinocytosis
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Cell Drinking
Take in molecules and form vesicles |
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ATP Pump
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Proteins in the cell membrane use the energy from ATP to pump substances against their concentration gradient
Pumps in Na+ (sodium ions) and Pumps out K+ (potassium ions) |
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ATP formula
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
forms: ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + P1 (inorganic phosphate) + Energy |
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Nucleus (membranous organelle)
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Encased in a DOUBLE phospholipid bilayer
Contains a nucleous which is responsible for forming the components of ribosomes |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (membranous organelle)
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Very elaborate membrane network made of membrane tubules and cisterna
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Cisterna
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Sacs at the end of the membrane tubules in the ER
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (membranous organelle)
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Has ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane
Site for protein sythesis accomplished by the rhibosomes here and hormones are secreted into the bloodstream |
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Glycoproteins
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Proteins with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (membranous organelle)
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No outer rhibosomes
Synthesis of lipids Some CHO metabolized Detoxification of some drugs and posions occur here |
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Rhibosomes
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Non-Membranous
Made of rRNA (rhibosomal RNA and proteins) Attached- make proteins destined for release from cells Floating (in cytoplasm)- make proteins that will be used by the cell |
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Golgi Apparatus (membranous organelle)
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Contains flattened membrane sacs with enlarged regions called cisternae
Sorts, stores, ships, and modifies proteins Proteons are in transport vesicles in order to get from ome part of the cell to another |
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Cisternae
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Enlarged regions on the cisternae
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Lysosomes (membranous organelle)
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Small membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes
Catalyzes hydrolysis reactions Require acidic Ph ideally 5 Protein pump pumps hydrogen ions into the lysosom from the cytoplasm |
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Mitochandria (membranous organelle)
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The power house of the cell
Makes the most ATP used by the cell by cellular respiration (see picture in phone) Semi-independent organelle with its own DNA Can divide and reproduce Has double membrane (outter and inner) (see pic in phone) |
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Plastids (membranous organelle)
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Membrane sacs or vasicles inside cell
a) amyloplasts- stores amylose (sugar) b) chromoplast- contains yellow and orange pigments c) chlorolast- contains green pigments |
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Central Vacuole (membranous organelle)
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In plants it is very large and stores organic compounds, ions, and metabolc water
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Cell Wall
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In plant cell it supports and protects the cell
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Plasmodesma
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Opening in cell wall
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Grana/Granum
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Columns of thylakoid sacs which are interconnected membrane sacs
(see pic in phone) |
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Stroma
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Space in between the granum
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Lamella
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The space between the two cell walls added after the plant cell grew
Contans pectins that hold the cels together (made of microfibrills made of cellulose) |
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Microtubules (non-membranous)
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Hallow proteins formed by the plarization of protein heterodimers
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Heterodimers
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Made of alpha and beta subunits
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Microfilaments (non-membranous)
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Made of the contactile proteins "actin"
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Centrosome (non-membranous)
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Microtuble organizing region found just outside the nucleus in animal cells
Centrioles formed here which are required for mitosis 9 sets or clusters of 3 (triplets) |
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Cilia (non-membranous)
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Extracellular (outside the cell) used for locomotion
9 microtubule doublets surronding 2 microtubles Use dynein arms to poer the movemnt which run on ATP (see picture in phone) |
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Dynein
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Power the movement in cilia by ATP
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Cell Division
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Mitosis
Nuclear division |
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Chromatin
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DNA exists as long strands in a homogenous mass
As cells enter mitosis (early phase) the chromatin begins to condense and get highly coiled |
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Sister Chromatides
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When two copies of chromatin attach
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Centromere
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Where the sister chromatides are closest to one another
Like a waist between the two |
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Kinetochore
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A structure of protein in each sister associated with the specifc sections ofchromosomal DNA at the centromere
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Anaphase
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When the sister cells are pulled apart by mitotic spindle and are now called daughter cells
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Telophase
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Nuclear envelope start to reform
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Mitosis vs Meiosis
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Mitosis= somatic and body cells
Meiosis= sex cells |
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Sex Cell Chromosomes
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46 chromosomes 23 paired with 22 pairs match and one not which means male xy or xx females
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Diploid
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A cell containing two sets of chromosomes
2n=26 Each inherited from one parent |
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Haploid
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A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)
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