Biology Test 1

Front 1

What is Biology? What are the six kingdoms?

Back 1

It is the study of livings things. Archaea, Bacteria, (Domain Eukarya) Protista, Animalia, Pantae, fungi

Front 2

What are the properties of Life?

Back 2

1. Cell Organization
2. Metabolism
3. Homeostasis
4. Heredity
5. Growth and Reproduction

Front 3

Hierarchy of Increasing Complexity

Back 3

Atoms, Molecules, Macro molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

Front 4

Biological Themes

Back 4

1. Evolution
2. Flow of Energy
3. Cooperation
4. Homeostasis
5. Structure determines function

Front 5

Scientific Method

Back 5

1. Observe your surroundings
2. Form one or more hypothesis
3. Make predictions
4. Test your Hypothesis
5. Carry out controls and variables
6. Form a conclusion and possibly propose a theory

Front 6

Theory

Back 6

A unifying explanation for a broad set of observations.
-Always debatable
-Organisms and processes that we can observe and measure

Front 7

The Cell Theory

Back 7

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
All cells come from other cells.
Cells are the smallest living things

Front 8

The Gene Theory

Back 8

Genes contain information that specify what a cell is like
-All organisms encode their genes in DNA
-Each gene is a segment of DNA
-DNA is made up of four nucleotides in pairs: A-T (Adenine-Thymine) and C-G (Cytosine-Guanine)

Front 9

Theory of Heredity

Back 9

This is a chromosomal theory of inheritance; genes are inherited as discrete units.

Front 10

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Back 10

23 pairs, the only different one is the sex chromosome: Male-XY, Female-XX
--Other organisms have a wide range of chromosome pairs

Front 11

Theory of Evolution

Back 11

-Kingdoms are organized into domains
-Diversity is due to natural selection
-diverse environments due to diverse organisms

Front 12

What are Atoms?

Back 12

The smallest particles into which a substance can be divided

Front 13

What is Matter?

Back 13

Any substance that has mass and occupies space

Front 14

Explain the Structure of an Atom

Back 14

An atom is composed of a nucleus (which is composed of protons and neutrons)
-Inside the Nucleus: Protons (one positive charge) & Neutrons (No charge)
-Orbiting the Nucleus: Electrons (One negative charge) (Determine Chemical Behavior of atoms)

Front 15

Atomic Number & Mass Number

Back 15

1. Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
2. Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Front 16

Isotopes

Back 16

When then number of protons in an atom are the same, but the number of neutrons are different.

Front 17

Electrons. What makes a Stable Shell?

Back 17

-Carry energy; the closer to the nucleus, the less energy it has, the further from the nucleus, the more energy it has.
-Come in shells that orbit the nucleus. 1st shell can have 1-2 electrons, 2nd, 3rd, and so on can carry 0-8 electrons. A stable shell has the maximum # of electrons

Front 18

Chemical Reaction

Back 18

This occurs when elements react with each other to have a completed outer shell (to become stable)
-This can produce Ions

Front 19

Ions

Back 19

Produces when an electron is gained or lost
-Electrically charged
Two Types: Cations and Anions

Front 20

Cation

Back 20

An Ion with a positive charge that has lost an electron

Front 21

Anion

Back 21

An Ion with a negative charge that has just gained an electron

Front 22

Chemical Bonding

Back 22

This occurs when two atoms try to complete their shells. This creates molecules: two or more atoms inked together

Front 23

Ionic Bonding

Back 23

When one atom gives an electron to another atom with the result that both have a filled outer shell. (This produces Ions).
--The molecule is held together because a negative ion is attracted to a positive ion.

Front 24

Covalent Bonding (Three types)

Back 24

When atoms share electrons to complete their shells.
-Single Covalent Bonds: sharing one pair of electrons
-Double Covalent Bonds: sharing two pairs of electrons
-Triple Covalent Bond: sharinf three pairs of electrons

Front 25

Polar Covalent bonds

Back 25

Molecules with unbalanced charges

Front 26

Nonpolar Covalent bonds

Back 26

Molecules with balanced charges

Front 27

Hydrogen bonding

Back 27

The weak bond between the partial positive of one molecule and the partial negative of another molecule.
-One molecule weakly bonded to another
GREAT EXAMPLE: water

Front 28

5 unique properties of water

Back 28

1. Ice Formation
2. High Heat Vaporization
3. Cohesion
4. Heat Storage
5. High Polarity

Front 29

Heat Storage (Properties of Water)

Back 29

A lot of energy is needed to raise the temperature of water. It heats up slowly but retains the temperature longer

Front 30

Ice Formation (Properties of Water)

Back 30

Ice floats (it's less dense than water). This is essential for life because if it didn't float than it would freeze from the bottom up

Front 31

High heat of vaporization (Properties of Water)

Back 31

Liquid changes to gas through evaporization, taking heat with it.

Front 32

Cohesion

Back 32

Due to hydrogen bonding, water molecules are attracted to each other. This creates:
-Surface tension
-Capillary action (water climbs sides of glass, tree)
-Droplets are caused because of this

Front 33

High Polarity: Polar Molecules

Back 33

Molecules that are hydrophilic (they dissolve in water)
Ex: salt

Front 34

High Polarity: Nonpolar Molecules

Back 34

Molecules that are hydrophobic (do not absorb in water)
ex: oil

Front 35

pH Scale

Back 35

*Measures the acidic level of a substance.
-Acids: (0-6.99) increased concentration of hydrogen ions in water (More h. ions)
-Neutral: (7.0) pure water
-Basics: (7.01-14) decreased amount of hydrogen ions in water (less h. ions)

Front 36

MACROMOLECULES

Back 36

These link together small subunits called monomers, which create polymers.
Ex: amino acid is a monomer, all of them linked together create a protein (polymer)

Front 37

Types of Macromolecules

Back 37

1. Proteins
2. Nucleic Acids
3. Carbohydrates
4. Lipids

Front 38

What is a protein?

Back 38

Chains of 20 different amino acids. It's function is determined by the sequence of the amino acids.

Front 39

What is the proteins functions?

Back 39

1. Enzymes (make chemical reactions occur faster)
2. Structure (ex: cell shape)
3. Contractile (muscles)
4. Transport (Ex: blood cells transport oxygen)
5. Defensive proteins in immune system

Front 40

What is the 1. Primary and 2. Secondary structure of proteins?

Back 40

1. A sequence of amino acids that determines the other levels of structure.
2. The chain of amino acids form an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet

Front 41

What is the 1. Tertiary and 2. Quaternary structure of proteins?

Back 41

1. The 3 dimensional stage; the helix folds and twists into a specific shape determined by the amino acid sequence.
2. A weakly bonded protein is composed of more than 1 chain of amino acids.
-GREAT EXAMPLE: Hemoglobin

Front 42

Nucleic Acids

Back 42

These are long chains of nucleotides (subunits of DNA)

Front 43

What do nucleotides consist of?

Back 43

1 A phosphate group, a sugar, and a base.
There are 5 possible bases:
-Uracil
-Adenine
-Thymine
-Cytosine
-Guarine

Front 44

What are the 5 possible bases of a nucleotide?

Back 44

-Uracil
-Adenine
-Thymine
-Cytosine
-Guanine
(A-T) (C-G)

Front 45

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 45

-Carries genetic information
-Its sugar is deoxyribose
-Contains thymine

Front 46

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Back 46

-carries information
-its sugar is ribose
-contains uracil instead of thymine

Front 47

DNA Double Helix (Formation of DNA)

Back 47

-Phosphate and Sugar are the rails of the ladder
-Bases are the rungs of ladder:
*Adenine pairs w/ Thymine (or Uracil)
*Cytosine pairs with Guanine)
-Forms a double helix

Front 48

Carbohydrates

Back 48

*Energy storage
-Form structure
-Simple sugars (sucrose)
-Complex Carbohydrates (starch [stores it when it's needed])

Front 49

Monosaccharides

Back 49

These are simple sugars that are formed from one subunit
Ex: glucose and fructose
**Almost all energy comes from glucose
"Simple Carbohydrates

Front 50

Disaccharides

Back 50

These are two Monaccharides linked together
ex: one glucose linked with one fructose = sucrose (table sugar)

Front 51

Formula for glucose

Back 51

C6-H12-O6

Front 52

Polysaccharides (Two Functions)

Back 52

1. Energy storage
ex: plants use starch, animals use glycogen (both formed from glucose)
2. Structural Building Materials
ex: chitin creates shrimp skeleton, cellulose creates the structure of plants

Front 53

Lipids

Back 53

-These store energy as fat
-not water soluble (hydrophobic)
-other lipids are phospholipids

Front 54

Phospholipids

Back 54

These make up the cell membranes and steroids; also the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen.

Front 55

Fats

Back 55

This is the glycerol backbone.
-3 fatty acids are attached to glycerol. The fatty acids can be 3 of the same or 3 different fatty acids.
--can be saturated or unsaturated

Front 56

Saturated fats

Back 56

-Have no double bonds
-Solid at room temperature
-usually derived from animals

Front 57

Unsaturated fats

Back 57

-Have one or more double bonds
-liquid at room temperature
-usually derived from plants

Front 58

Omega 3

Back 58

Fats that have the double bond on the third carbon-carbon bond.

Front 59

Trans Fats

Back 59

Their molecules are in an unnatural configuration due to hydrogenation to make liquid fats solid.

Front 60

Prokaryotes

Back 60

-simplest cells
-very small
-no nucleus
-always single-celled, only have one type of organelle (ribosomes)
-they have a cell wall
-doesn't have membrane-bound organelles and doesn't have extensive interior membranes

Front 61

What type of cells have a cell wall, have no nucleus, and are the simplest cells?

Back 61

Prokaryotes

Front 62

What type of cells do not have membrane bound organelles, and do not have extensive interior membranes, and are always single-celled?

Back 62

Prokaryotes

Front 63

1. Archaea and 2. Bacteria (Prokaryotes)

Back 63

1. these are found in very diverse environments, some only where only that organism can survive
2. Three shapes: coiled/corkckrewed, rod-shaped, spherical

Front 64

Eukaryotes

Back 64

-Large cells, have no cell wall
-System of membranes
-Membrane-bound organelles
-Organelles are anchored by an internal cytoskeleton
-Inside is called cytoplasma
-encased in plasma membrane
-each organelle has a specific function

Front 65

What type of cells have a system of membranes, have no cell wall, and are large?

Back 65

Eukaryotes

Front 66

What type of cells have membrane-bound organelles, which are anchored by an internal cytoskeleton, and encased in a plasma membrane?

Back 66

Eukaryotes

Front 67

Plasma Membrane. Phospholipids.

Back 67

-The outside of the cell
-It's made up of phospholipids-like a triglyceride but one of the fatty acids is *replaced by a phosphate group
*It is two long fatty acid chains which are nonpolar, hydrophobic.
(One phosphate [hydrophilic] and two fatty acids [hydrophobic])

Front 68

The plasma membrane is composed of what?

Back 68

*it is composed of two layers of phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer)
-Tails: (fatty acids) they face away from water and are located in the middle of the bilayer
-Heads: (with the phosphate group) face water, are on the outside of membrane

Front 69

What maintains the fluidity of the membrane?

Back 69

Cholesterol in the membrane maintain fluidity

Front 70

What is embedded in the membrane?

Back 70

Proteins.
Two: Integral and Peripheral proteins

Front 71

Integral Proteins

Back 71

Provide channels for polar molecules to pass through
-In the middle of phosphate bilayer
-anchored in the hydrophobic layer

Front 72

Peripheral Proteins

Back 72

These are on the outside of the phosphate bilayer of plasma membran
-they are at the hydrophilic layer and act as receptors or cell markers

Front 73

Nucleus

Back 73

The cell's control center
-stores heredity info (DNA)
-guides the production of proteins
-bounded by a nuclear membrane (nuclear membrane is a double membrane)
-has nuclear pores allowing RNA & nucleotides to pass through

Front 74

Nucleolus

Back 74

-Inside the nucleus
-synthesis of RNA that will become part of the ribosomes
-the ribosomes wear out and are replaced, about a 1000 every minute in every cell