Biology Terms Chapter 8 And 9

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clone

Back 1

Genetically identical copy of an organism.

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chromosome

Back 2

A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of the cell's genetic information.

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sister chromatids

Back 3

One of the two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome.

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centromere

Back 4

Constricted region in a eukaryotic chromosome where sister chromatids are attached.

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histones

Back 5

Type of protein that structurally organizes eukaryotic chromosomes.

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nucleosome

Back 6

A length of DNA would twice around a spool of histone proteins.

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chromosome number

Back 7

The sum of all the chromosomes in a cell of a given type.

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diploid

Back 8

Having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species (2n).

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karyotype

Back 9

Image of a individual's complement of chromosomes arranged by length, size, shape, and centromere location.

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autosomes

Back 10

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.

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sex chromosome

Back 11

Member of a pair oh chromosomes that differs between males and females.

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bacteriophage

Back 12

Virus that infects bacteria.

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DNA sequence

Back 13

Order of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA.

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DNA replication

Back 14

Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before it divides.

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DNA polymerase

Back 15

DNA replication enzyme. Uses DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.

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primer

Back 16

Short, single strand of DNA that base-pairs with targeted DNA sequence.

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DNA ligase

Back 17

Enzyme that seals gaps in double-stranded DNA.

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semiconservative replication

Back 18

Describes the process of DNA replication, which produces two copies of a DNA molecule: one strand of each copy is new, and the other is a strand of the original DNA.

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mutation

Back 19

Permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

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reproductive cloning

Back 20

Technology that produces genetically identical individuals.

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somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Back 21

Method of reproductive cloning in which genetic material is transferred from an adult somatic cell into an unfertilized, enucleated egg.

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therapeutic cloning

Back 22

The use of SCNT to produce human embryos for research purposes.

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gene

Back 23

DNA sequence that encodes an RNA or protein product.

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transcription

Back 24

Process by which and RNA is assembled from nucleotides using the base sequence of a gene as a template.

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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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A type of RNA that becomes part of ribosomes.

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transfer RNA (tRNA)

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A type of RNA that delivers amino acids to a ribosome during translation.

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messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 27

A type of RNA that carries a protein-building message.

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translation

Back 28

Process by which a polypeptide chain is assembled from amino acids in the order specified by an mRNA.

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gene expression

Back 29

Process by which the information in a gene becomes converted to an RNA or protein product.

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RNA polymerase

Back 30

Enzyme that carries out transcription.

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promoter

Back 31

In DNA, a sequence to which RNA polymerase binds.

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introns

Back 32

Nucleotide sequence that intervenes between exons and is excised during RNA processing.

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exons

Back 33

Nucleotide sequence that is not spliced out of RNA during processing.

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alternative splicing

Back 34

RNA processing event in which some exons are removed or joined in alternate combinations

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codon

Back 35

In mRNA, a nucleotide base triplet that codes for amino acid or stop signal during translation.

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genetic code

Back 36

Complete set of sixty-four mRNA codons.

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anticodon

Back 37

Set of the nucleotides in tRNA; base pairs with mRNA codon.

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base-pair substitution

Back 38

Mutation in which single base pair changes.

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deletion

Back 39

Mutation in which one or more base pairs are lost.

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insertion

Back 40

Mutation in which on or more base pairs becomes inserted in DNA.

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frame-shift

Back 41

Mutation that causes the reading frame of mRNA codons to shift.

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transposable element

Back 42

Segment of chromosomal DNA that can spontaneously move to a new location.