Biology: Term 1 Year 11 Body Systems

Front 1

Living Things Use ATP to... (6 functions)

Back 1

1: Maintain homeostatic balance
2: Detect and respond (nervous) to stimuli
3: Reproduce (sexual and asexual reproduction)
4: Synthesise tissue
5: Contract muscles (movement)
6: Prime catabolic pathways

Front 2

3 Types of Carbohydrates (give examples of each)

Back 2

Monosaccharides (sugars) - e.g. glucose
Disaccharides (complex sugars) - e.g. sucrose
Polysaccharides (starches and fibres) - e.g. amylose

Front 3

Draw and Describe a Diagram of Villi and Micro-villi

Back 3

Villi massively increase the surface area of the small intestine. The lacteal specifically absorbs lipids.

Front 4

Draw a Diagram of the Circulatory System

Back 4

Front 5

Label the Diagram of the Digestive System

Back 5

Front 6

Draw a Diagram of the Kidney

Back 6

Front 7

Draw the Structure of the Nephron

Back 7

Front 8

Draw a Diagram of the Respiratory System

Back 8

Front 9

Draw a Diagram of Alveoli

Back 9

Front 10

Homeostasis

Back 10

The maintenance of a constant internal environment mediated by negative feedback systems

Front 11

Nutrient

Back 11

Nutrients, taken from food, supply energy (ATP) to the body, as well as contributing to the building blocks (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, mineral etc.) of the body.

Front 12

Glucagon

Back 12

A hormone released by the pancreas which stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Front 13

Define Enzyme

Back 13

An organic catalyst, produced by living cells, that lowers the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to take place; thereby increasing the rate of a chemical reaction.

Front 14

ATP

Back 14

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

Front 15

Cellular Respiration Equation

Back 15

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2

Front 16

3 Processes of Cellular Respiration

Back 16

1: GLYCOLYSIS - break down of glucose (anaerobic), occurs in the cytoplasm; generates 2 ATP.
2: THE KREBS CYCLE - releases electrons (aerobic), occurs in the mitochondria; generates 2 ATP.
3: THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN - converts electrons to energy (aerobic), occurs in the mitochondria; generates 24 ATP

Front 17

Purpose of Digestive System

Back 17

To break down large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules capable of passing through cell membranes, thus providing essential nutrients to the body.

Front 18

Alimentary Canal

Back 18

The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

Front 19

Define Carbohydrate (and give the general formula)

Back 19

A component of food that supplies energy (kJ/g) to the body. Is one of the three macronutrients (along with proteins and lipids)
The general formula of a carbohydrate is CH2O, thus, glucose has the formula (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6

Front 20

Functions of Carbohydrates (2ii)

Back 20

1: Carbohydrates are important energy sources that can be used in respiration as monomers or stored as polymers like starch and glycogen.
2: They also have structural uses such as cellulose in plant cell walls and chitin in fungi and arthropods.

Front 21

Define Metabolism

Back 21

The metabolic rate is the sum of catabolic and anabolic processes.

Front 22

Define Catabolic Processes (give an example)

Back 22

Catabolic processes derive ATP - e.g. cellular respiration

Front 23

Define Anabolic Processes (give an example

Back 23

Anabolic processes require ATP - e.g. synthesis reactions

Front 24

Functions of Lipids (3)

Back 24

1: Protection - mechanical and thermal
2: Energy storage (6 x kJ/g of carbohydrates)
3: Structural - membranes

Front 25

Structure of Lipids

Back 25

Triglycerides are made up of three fatty acids bonded with a glycerol molecule. The longer the carbon chains in the fatty acids, the less volatile the molecule is.

Front 26

Digestion: Mouth

Back 26

PHYSICAL DIGESTION:
* Teeth - cut food into smaller pieces
* Saliva - lubricates food, enabling it to pass easily through the oesophagus
CHEMICAL DIGESTION:
* Saliva - contains amylase, an enzyme that breaks down amylose (complex carbohydrate)

Front 27

Digestion: Oesophagus

Back 27

PHYSICAL DIGESTION:
* Peristalsis - transports food from the mouth to the stomach

Front 28

Digestion: Stomach

Back 28

CHEMICAL DIGESTION:
* HCl and enzymes (protease and amylase) - breaks down proteins and carbohydrates
* HCl - kills some bacteria

Front 29

Digestion: Liver

Back 29

CHEMICAL DIGESTION:
* Produces Bile - emulsifies fat

Front 30

Digestion: Gall Bladder

Back 30

CHEMICAL DIGESTION:
* Stores Bile - emulsifies fat

Front 31

Bile

Back 31

Emulsifies lipids from food for easy digestion and absorption (allows lipids to be mixed with water)

Front 32

Digestion: Pancreas

Back 32

CHEMICAL DIGESTION:
* Produces Pancreatic Juices into the Duodenum Via the Pancreatic Duct - contains enzymes to digest carbohydrates, proteins and lipids as well as sodium bicarbonate to neutralise the chyme from the stomach.

Front 33

What is the Function of Amylase?

Back 33

Breaks complex carbohydrates down to monosaccharides.

Front 34

What is the Function of Protease

Back 34

Breaks protein down to peptides and then amino acids.

Front 35

What is the Function of Lipase

Back 35

Breaks lipids down to fatty acids and glycerol.

Front 36

What is the Function of Nuclease?

Back 36

Breaks nucleic acids down to nucleotides.

Front 37

Digestion: Small Intestine

Back 37

PHYSICAL DIGESTION:
* Villi - significantly increase the surface area of the small intestine to increase absorption
CHEMICAL DIGESTION:
* Villi - nutrients are absorbed through the lining if the small intestine (mostly made up of villi and micro-villi) and transferred to the bloodstream.

Front 38

Digestion: Large Intestine

Back 38

CHEMICAL DIGESTION:
* Colon - absorbs water and electrolytes from the small intestine

Front 39

Digestion: Rectum

Back 39

PHYSICAL DIGESTION:
* Stores solid waste until it leaves the body through the anus

Front 40

What is the Purpose of the Kidney?

Back 40

The kidney is an excretory organ that filters wastes, mainly nitrogenous, from the blood and forms urine.

Front 41

ADH

Back 41

Anti-Diuretic Hormone
* Regulates water balance
* Prevents the release of water through urination

Front 42

Define Anaerobic Processes

Back 42

Anaerobic processes do not require oxygen.

Front 43

Define Aerobic Processes

Back 43

Aerobic processes require oxygen.

Front 44

Functions of Proteins (7)

Back 44

1: Immunoglobulin (immune system)
2: Structural (collagen)
3: Muscular Contraction
4: Toxins (venomous animals)
5: Enzymes
6: ATP Generation(electron transport chain)
7: Nerve Transmission (active transport)

Front 45

Describe the Relationship Between Dependant and Independent Variables

Back 45

The dependant variable changes as you change the independent variable.

Front 46

The Circulatory System is Composed Of... (3)

Back 46

* Capillaries, arteries and veins
* Heart
* Blood

Front 47

Describe the Aorta

Back 47

The aorta transports oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the whole body.

Front 48

Describe the Blood Travelling Through the Superior Vena Cava

Back 48

Deoxygenated and low in nutrients

Front 49

Describe the Blood Travelling Through the Aorta

Back 49

Oxygenated and high in nutrients

Front 50

Describe the Blood Travelling Through the Pulmonary Artery

Back 50

Deoxygenated and high in nutrients

Front 51

Describe the Blood Travelling Through the Pulmonary Vein

Back 51

Oxygenated and high in nutrients

Front 52

Describe the Blood in the Right Atrium

Back 52

Deoxygenated and low in nutrients

Front 53

Describe the Blood in the Left Ventricle

Back 53

Oxygenated and high in nutrients

Front 54

What are the Functions of Blood? (2iv)

Back 54

*Regulates body temperature
*Transports hormones, nutrients, oxygen and metabolic waste around the body

Front 55

What is Blood Composed of? (3)

Back 55

Plasma - Thromobocytes (blood clotting)
Platelets
Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes (transportation of oxygen)
White Blood Cells - Leukocytes (immune system response)

Front 56

Functions of the Liver (3)

Back 56

* Purification and detoxification of blood
* Helps in the maintenance of blood glucose levels (storage of glucose as glycogen)
* Production of bile

Front 57

Describe the Enzyme-Sybstrate Complex

Back 57

Enzymes act only upon a specific substrate. Some enzymes are more specific than others

Front 58

Describe the Induced Fit Theory

Back 58

The shape of the enzyme's active site is modified to accommodate the substrate.

Front 59

Describe the Lock and Key Theory

Back 59

An enzyme's function depends on its shape.

Front 60

Describe Diffusion in the Alveoli

Back 60

Due to its high concentration in the air in the alveoli, oxygen diffuses across the membrane to the capillaries surrounding each alveolus. The high concentration of metabolic waste in the blood causes it to diffuse into the alveoli; therefore, we breathe carbon dioxide and water vapour out.

Front 61

Explain the Transport of Air Through to the Alveoli

Back 61

Air enters through the nasal cavity and mouth and travels through the pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi before entering an alveolus.