Biology Staar Test Review

Front 1

simple cells are___?

Back 1

prokaryotic

Front 2

complex cells containing organelles with specific functions are____?

Back 2

eukaryotic

Front 3

eukaryotes

Back 3

have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, larger ribosomes than prokaryotes, a nucleus and organelles

Front 4

prokayotes

Back 4

have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, smaller ribosomes than eukarotes, no nucleus and no organelles

Front 5

cell membrane

Back 5

surronds cell; controls what enters and leaves the cell; recognizes other cells; maintains homeostasis

Front 6

mitochondria

Back 6

breaks down food to release energy

Front 7

endoplasmic reticulum smooth or rough

Back 7

moves substances within the cell

Front 8

ribosomes

Back 8

makes proteins; round structures located on rough ER

Front 9

golgi body/complex

Back 9

changes and packages cell products

Front 10

lysosome

Back 10

contains enzymes

Front 11

energy conversion

Back 11

during photosynthesis, plant cells use energy from the sun to make a sugar; during aerobic cellular respiration, mitochondria releases energy molecules like glucose

Front 12

molecular transpiration

Back 12

molecules move in and out of cells across membrane

Front 13

synthesis of new molecules

Back 13

cells can create new molecules from simpler molecules, like when protiens are made from amino acids

Front 14

virus

Back 14

-tiny non living structure
-no metabolism
-causes disease like influenza and HIV
-cannot treat with antibiotics

Front 15

structure of virus

Back 15

head has nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) surronded by protien coat (capsid)

Front 16

reproduction of virus

Back 16

attaches to host cell and releases its nucliec acids; host cell makes viruses and dies

Front 17

cell cycle

Back 17

sequence of phases consisting of cell growth and division; timing and rate of cell cycle are critical to an organisms normal growth and development; cell division frequency varies by cell type

Front 18

Mitosis (P.M.A.T.)

Back 18

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

Front 19

interphase

Back 19

G1: intense growth and enzyme production
S: DNA synthesis/ replication
G2: growth & preparation for cell division

Front 20

cytokinesis

Back 20

cytoplasm & organelles are divided

Front 21

mitosis

Back 21

phase during cell cycle where nucleus is divided making identical daughter cells with same genetic info found in original nucleus, process is critical for an organisms growth

Front 22

DNA molecule

Back 22

consists of 2 strands of complementary nitrogen base pairs; structure is double helix

Front 23

DNA replication

Back 23

process that transforms one DNA molecule into 2 identical copies; enzymes help DNA strands unwind and separate; each DAN strand serves as a template for a new, complementary strand to form matching (pairing) nitrogen bases, thus, each DNA molecule contains half of original molcule

Front 24

disruption of cell cycle

Back 24

loss of control within the cell cycle can lead to disease like cancer

Front 25

cell differentiation

Back 25

process by which genetically identical cells (descended from the same parent cell and retaining the same DNA sequence) become more specialized and different from each other; DNA, RNA, and environmental factors can influence which genes are transcribed and expressed

Front 26

carbohydrate structure and function

Back 26

its structure contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms; ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1

its functions are a source of energy (like glucose); structural molecule (like cellulose)

Front 27

lipid structure and function

Back 27

structure- contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, & possibly other atoms; ratio of hydrogen to o2 atoms is high, soluble in water
function-source of energy, cell membrane component, protective coating

Front 28

protein structure & function

Back 28

structure- contains carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and possibly sulfur atoms made of amino acids; large and complex
function- structural molecule, enzyme; hormone; transport molecule

Front 29

nucleic acid structure and function

Back 29

structure- contains a carbohydrate group, phosphate group and nitrogen base; very large and complex
functions- carrier of genetic info & instructions for protein synthesis

Front 30

organic molecule

Back 30

molecule thats found in living systems; contains, carbon atoms, usually in rings or long chains
Example: C6H12O6

Front 31

formation & organization of an organic molecule

Back 31

small organic molecules (monomers) can link together to form longer more complex molecules (polymers)
Example: DNA strand (linked nucleotides)

Front 32

nucleotide

Back 32

three part structure that makes up nucliec acid molecules (DNA and RNA)

Front 33

RNA

Back 33

nucleic acid that uses genetic info from DNA to produce proteins (protein synthesis); structure is one strand

Front 34

codon

Back 34

formed from a sequence of three nucleotides (like AAA or GAC); different codons specify one or twenty different amino acids

Front 35

genetic code

Back 35

language of codons that is common to nearly all organisms
example: CCA always corresponds to the amino acid proline (P)

Front 36

protein

Back 36

molecule made of amino acids that preform a specific task

Front 37

transcription

Back 37

process that copies DNA's genetic info into mRNA
-DNA temporally unwinds
-complementary RNA nucleotides pair up with one strand of DNA nucleotides
-mRNA carries specific protein synthesis instructions to ribosomes

Front 38

translation

Back 38

process by which a protien is made from mRNA; occurs within a cells ribosomes; tRNA matches codons to amino acids which then join together to form a protien chain

Front 39

stop codon

Back 39

codon that terminates translation process; releases amino acid

Front 40

mutation

Back 40

insertion, deletion, or substitution in DNA sequence; can cause a change in mRNA (and affect protein synthesis); can result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral variation; passed to offspring only if its in a gamete

Front 41

gene

Back 41

segment of DNA; controls specific hereditary characteristics

Front 42

gene expression

Back 42

regulated process by which gene transcription and translation are controlled by various factors, such as hormones

Front 43

genome

Back 43

set of all genes that specify an organisms traits; genome for a human cell is 100,000 genes in size

Front 44

DNA fingerprinting

Back 44

fragments of an organisms DNA are separated using electrophoresis and compared to a sample (to find match)

Front 45

genetic modification

Back 45

genes are changed for a specific purposes (like to make a plant resistant to insects or disease)

Front 46

chromosomal analysis

Back 46

cells are examined for missing, extra, or abnormal chromosomes to identify disorders (like the one extra chromosome that signifies down syndrome)

Front 47

heredity

Back 47

passing of traits from generation to the next

Front 48

chromosome

Back 48

stricture in cells nucleus that contains DNA; humans have 46 total chromosomes (23 pairs); one pair determines sex(male or female) and remaining pairs determines other traits (like eye color)

Front 49

allele

Back 49

form of a gene that controls a characteristic
Ex: R can be dominant allele for red petals and r recessive allele for white

Front 50

genotype

Back 50

inherited combination of alleles that is represented by two letters
example: big R big R, big R little r, little r little r

Front 51

phenotype

Back 51

organisms appearance based on genotype
Example: a flower with genotype Big R Big R or Big R little r has a phenotype of red petals, a flower with genotype little r little r has a phenotype of white flowers

Front 52

Mendelian genetics

Back 52

-one allele is inherited from each parent
-one trait may mask (dominate) the effect of another trait (plant that inherits the genotype big R little r has red flowers, not white of pink of ones)
-alleles for a trait segregate and recombine independently of other traits (height and eye color do not influence each other)

Front 53

non-Mendelian inheritance

Back 53

inheritance pattern that does not follow Mendelian genetic laws
Example: incomplete dominance or linked genes

Front 54

gamete

Back 54

reproductive cell that has half the number of chromosomes as parent cell, in animals, egg is female gamete and sperm is male gamete

Front 55

meiosis

Back 55

two staged cell division process that produces gametes; some steps are similar to mitosis but meiosis results in 4 daughter cells (gametes) having half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Front 56

anatomical homology

Back 56

structural similarities (like bones in a bird wing and human arm) that serve a different purpose for each species

Front 57

molecular homology

Back 57

molecular similarities around organisms

Front 58

development

Back 58

embryonic similarities among certain organisms show how some organisms develop in common ways (vertebrate embryos have gill pouches that later develop into gills or Eustachian tubes)

Front 59

natural selection

Back 59

purposed by Darwin by which organisms with certain favorable traits survive and reproduce more successfully than others; causes changes in population and affects for its environment

Front 60

inherited variations

Back 60

genes for a trait that help an organism obtain food, avoid prey or disease, or attract a mate become more common in a subsequent population

Front 61

environmental resources

Back 61

an organisms environment, including completion for limited resources (like food) or a change exerts selective on certain traits

Front 62

potential to produce offspring

Back 62

species with higher reproductive rates can exhibit increased reproductive success

Front 63

complexity

Back 63

theory that over time chem and molecular diversification led to a molecule of increase complexity

Front 64

genetic drift

Back 64

change in a gene pool caused by chance; tends to decrease a species genetic variation

Front 65

gene flow

Back 65

change in gene pool caused by movement of organisms into/ out of genetic variation the pop.

Front 66

mutation

Back 66

change in genetic pool caused by insertion deletion or substitution in DNA sequence of gamete cell; tends to increase genetic variation.

Front 67

recombination

Back 67

sexually reproducing species have increased genetic variation because pf gene crossover events during meiosis

Front 68

heterotroph

Back 68

organism that depends on other organisms for food

Front 69

_____ domains are used to classify or group all organisms

Back 69

three

Front 70

archae

Back 70

primitive unicellular prokaryotes; some autotrophs and some heterotrophs; some live in harsh conditions
Examples: halophilic archae live in very salty water

Front 71

bacteria

Back 71

unicellular prokaryotes; some autotrophs, but most are heterotrophs "typical" bacteria
Example: staph bacteria

Front 72

eukarya

Back 72

unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes; wide variety
Examples: mildew, oak tree, eagle, algae

Front 73

the ____ domain can be divided into ___ kingdoms

Back 73

eukarya, four

Front 74

protists

Back 74

typically unicellular eukaryotes; some autotrophs and some heterotrophs; wide variety

Front 75

fungi

Back 75

typically multicellular eukaryotes; heterotrophs; many are decomposers
Example: mushroom, mold, yeast

Front 76

plant

Back 76

multicellular eukaryotes; autotrophs
Example: tree, grass, corn

Front 77

animal

Back 77

multicellular ekaryotes; heterotrophs
Example: snarl, dog, human, fish

Front 78

binomial nomenclature

Back 78

system of naming an organisms using its genus and species; write in italics and capitalize only the genus

Front 79

hierarchical classification

Back 79

method of categorizing groups of organisms based on their similarities and differences; classification may be based on such criteria as evolutionary history (phylogeny), structure, function, or means of reproduction

Front 80

phylogeny

Back 80

organisms evolutionary history; can use a phylogenetic tree to show the relationships between organisms; organisms that are offshoots from the same branch are more similar to each other than they are to the organisms on a different branch

Front 81

levels of classification

Back 81

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Front 82

photosynthesis

Back 82

process by which green plants and some other organisms make sugars (like glucose) and release oxygen using light energy, carbon dioxide and water

Front 83

photosynthesis equation

Back 83

6CO2 + 6H2O ===> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 84

aerobic cellular respiration

Back 84

energy releasing process that occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and requires oxygen; energy is produced in the form of the molecule ATP which is then used for the organisms metabolic process (like growth or maintenance)

Front 85

aerobic cellular respiration equation

Back 85

C6H12O6+6O2===> 602+6H2O+ATP energy

Front 86

enzyme

Back 86

protien and catalyst; speeds up specific chem reaction; doesnt change during reaction; often named by affected substrate, ending in -ase
Example: lactase (enzyme) speeds up this reaction of lactose (substrate)

Front 87

levels of organization basic => complex

Back 87

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community

Front 88

examples of interactions among systems in animals:
regulaton

Back 88

endocrine system makes certain hormones. Blood in the circulatory system carries them to the skeletal system to control the amount of calcium released from bones.

Front 89

examples of interactions among systems in animals:
nutrient absorption

Back 89

food is broken down in the stomach mechanically by the muscular system (churns food) and chemically by water, acid, and enzymes in the digestive system. nutrients are then absorbed by blood in the circulatory system.

Front 90

examples of interactions among systems in animals:
reproduction

Back 90

certain hormones produced in the endocrine system control ovulation in a females reproductive system

Front 91

examples of interactions among systems in animals:
defense

Back 91

mucus in the lungs traps a virus in the respiration system. T- cells in the immune system destroys virus infected cells. nerves in the nervous system sense the need to cough

Front 92

internal feedback mechanism

Back 92

self regulating process, like a chem reaction, that can help homeostasis

Front 93

negative feedback

Back 93

decreases effect
Example: a horse that becomes too hot will cool itself off by dilating blood vessels and sweating

Front 94

positive feedback

Back 94

increases effect
Example: ethylene is produced when apples ripen, which stimulates production of more ethylene, causing more apples to ripen

Front 95

microorganism

Back 95

tiny organism (like a bacteria or protists) that can be seen only with a micro scope; microorganisms play critical roles in the maintenance and disruption of the health of both the indv. organisms and entire ecosystems

Front 96

beneficial roles of bacteria

Back 96

-decompose organic material
-change nitrogen from one form to another in the nitrogen cycle
-role in making drugs, foods, and vitamins
-helps absorb nutrients in the human digestive system

Front 97

harmful roles of bacteria

Back 97

-spoil food
-makes toxins
-causes shortages of O2 in lakes when "bloom" occur
-causes disease

Front 98

ecological succession

Back 98

progressive process of building or rebuilding a community over time; diversity of pops. and species changes during the process

Front 99

primary succession

Back 99

building process that occurs when there are no preceding organisms, like after a glacier retreats

Front 100

secondary succession

Back 100

rebuilding process that occurs after disruption or destruction of a community, like after a forest fire

Front 101

commensalism

Back 101

one benefits while other isnt affected

Front 102

mutualism

Back 102

both benefited

Front 103

population

Back 103

organisms of the same species that live in a particular area making a breeding group

Front 104

variation

Back 104

difference that exists among organisms; environmental factors can cause one variation to be more favorable than another
Ex: mice that grow teeth faster can begin eating seeds sooner

Front 105

herbivore

Back 105

gets food from plants

Front 106

omnivore

Back 106

eats plants and animals

Front 107

primary consumer

Back 107

herbivores

Front 108

secondary consumer

Back 108

carnivores that eat herbivores

Front 109

tertiary consumer

Back 109

carnivores that eat herbivores

Front 110

biotic potential

Back 110

a pops. growth rate under ideal conditions

Front 111

limiting factors

Back 111

conditions that control a pops. size

Front 112

carrying capacity

Back 112

maximum pop that can live in an area over given amount of time; controlled by limiting factors

Front 113

changes in an environment, caused by nature or humans, can affect the ____ of a ecosystem in _____ or _____ ways.

Back 113

stability, positive, negative

Front 114

nitrogen cycle

Back 114

constant movement of nitrogen (required by organisms) through the environment
-bacteria and lightning change the atmosphere N2 into usable form like nitrates
-plants uptake nitrates from soil; animals eat plants
-decomposers return nitrogen to soil
-dentrifying bacteria change nitrogenous compounds back to N2

Front 115

carbon cycle

Back 115

constant movement of carbon throughout the environment
-plants use CO2to make sugars and starches through photosynthesis
-animals eat plants and use this carbon for cellular respiration
-decomposers break down dead plants and animals and their waste; use some carbon for life processes; releases some carbon back to the atmosphere in the form of CO2 or CH4
-
-

Front 116

scientific method

Back 116

question, info, hypothesis, experiment, variable and control group

Front 117

control

Back 117

compared

Front 118

variable

Back 118

changes

Front 119

independent variable

Back 119

stays the same

Front 120

dependent variable

Back 120

responds to change in independent variable

Front 121

inference

Back 121

reasonable conclusion based on observations and clues

Front 122

active transport

Back 122

(like transport proteins) requires energy

Front 123

passive transport

Back 123

(like diffusion) does not require energy

Front 124

G1: of interphase

Back 124

intense growth and enzyme production

Front 125

S: of interphase

Back 125

DNA synthesis/ replication

Front 126

G2: of interphase

Back 126

growth & preparation for cell division