Biology Sem. 2 Final Review

Front 1

2 girls is 1/2
1/2 x 1/2 =

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1/4

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Genotype =

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The alleles for a trait
ex. AA, Aa, aa

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Hybrid =

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heterozygous
ex. Tt

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Homozygous =

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Same alleles in a pair
ex. TT or tt

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Monohybrid Cross ex. =

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Tt = Tt

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Test Cross ex. =

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TT x tt, or Tt x tt

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Dihybrid Crosses ex. =

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TtGg x TtGg

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Possible gametes from TtGg

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4. TG, Tg, tG ,tg

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Possible gametes from TTGG

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1, TG

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Possible gametes from TTGg

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2, TG, Tg

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Human Blood type (ABO system) =

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Multiple alleles

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AB blood type shows Codominance of both...

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A and B alleles

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Traits on the X chromosome that are not on the Y are called...

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X-linked

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Genes are made up of....

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DNA

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Watson and Crick's Model:

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2 strands of nucleotides, A-T and C-G pairs, strands twisted into a helix, strands held by weak bonds

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Linked traits are located where?

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Close together on the same chromosome

Front 17

The genetic information is coded on messenger RNA (mRNA) that moves from....

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Nucleus to Ribosome

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Definition of Dominance

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T or t, tallness is dominated to shortness

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Definition of Segregation

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In Meiosis, pairs of alleles, they separate so each gamete bets one allele for each trait

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Definition of Independent Assortment

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Traits will separate from each other genes on separate chromosomes separate independent of one another

Front 21

DNA is...

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double stranded

Front 22

What is the complementary strand if one of the strands is A C T G A C T T G

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T G A C T G A A C

Front 23

DNA can be decoded to mRNA in transcription. Decode this DNA to mRNA triplets:
A C T G A C T T G

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UGA CUG AAC

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Using a genetic code, translation decodes the mRNA trplets to amino acids

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Use chart supplied

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mRNA to Amino Acids =

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Translation

Front 26

What is an adaptation?

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Whatever is necessary for survival

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Natural Selection =

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Most advantageous adaptations will live to reproduce

Front 28

Selection can be artificial (pigeon breeding), but showed Darwin what?

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That natural selection and evolution have occurred in the past

Front 29

In a forest, life forms in each layer to show what?

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That adaptations permit organisms to use a variety of limited resources.

Front 30

The principle of natural selection was discovered by separately who?

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Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace

Front 31

Natural selection can be seen in what organism and why?

Back 31

It can be seen in Insects that blend with their background and survive to reproduce at rates that are higher than those that have contrasting colors, and so are eaten by birds.

Front 32

Tortoise shells show a variety of shapes. What could happen if food conditions could favor one shape?

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It could lead to the evolution and increase of certain shapes, and decrease of other less advantageous shapes.

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What are some sources that cause genetic variation in a population?

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Mutations, crossing over, segregation with random recombination

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What is some evidence of evolution?

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Major source of evidence is the fossil record.

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Punctuated Equilibrium (speed of evolution) =

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Rapid, following long periods of stability and extinctions

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Gradualism =

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Darwin's view, slow, continuous change

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Adaptive Radiation =

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One population branches out and new species appear

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Parallel Evolution =

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Evolution due to similar selection pressure

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Coevolution =

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One species influences another species in evolution

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What are the conditions of a population in equilibrium (not evolving)?

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No migration in or out (No gene flow)
No natural selection for any traits
Mating is random
No genetic drift (no disasters that could wipe out large numbers)
No mutations

Front 41

Statement of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

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There is variation in populations.
More offspring are produced that can survive.
There is a struggle for survival because resources are limited.
Some adaptations give individuals an advantage in the struggle for survival.
Those with favorable adaptations will survive and produce more offspring (carrying that trait) than those that lack the trait.

Front 42

Taxonomists =

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Biologists who classify plants, animals, and other organisms.

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Structural homologies (similarities):

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ex. Humans are very much like chimpanzee
ex. Members of same genus and species are most alike structurally

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Definition of Species

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Can and do breed in native surroundings, producing fertile offspring.

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Taxonomic categories (from most general to most specific):

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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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How are scientific names written?

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The Genus is capitalized, the species is lower cased, italicized or underlined.
ex. Felis familiaris, Felis leo, Felis concolor are all in the same Genus but distinct species.

Front 47

Which has its DNA in a true nucleus? Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

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Eukaryote

Front 48

Which has membrane bound organelles? Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

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Eukaryote

Front 49

Which undergoes mitosis?
Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

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Eukaryote

Front 50

Which makes up the kingdom Monera?
Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

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Prokaryote

Front 51

Which includes the primitive cells called archeobacteria?
Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

Back 51

Prokaryote

Front 52

Which has no nucleus?
Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

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Prokaryote

Front 53

Which lacks membrane bound organelles?
Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

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Prokaryote

Front 54

Which has a mitochondria and lysosomes?
Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

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Eukaryote

Front 55

Which are plants, animals, fungi, and protists?
Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

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Eukaryote

Front 56

Experiments that stimulate conditions on-earth use what to represent lightning as an energy source?

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High-voltage sparks

Front 57

Heterotroph hypothesis =

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The first organisms on earth were not able to produce their own food (They were not autotrophs).

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Earliest organisms were probably anaerobic =

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Lived in environments with no oxygen

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Autotrophs evolved...

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resulting in free oxygen, ozone layer, emergence of multicelled organisms

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The prokaryotes include primitive bacteria called archaebacteria (ancient bacteria). These include...

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Methanogens (produce methane)
Halophiles (use salt)
Thermoacidophiles (hot, acidic environments)

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Pathogens =

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Organisms that cause disease in other organisms.

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To confirm a pathogen as a disease-causer, it helps if...

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It can be found in the disease victim.

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Virulence of pathogens =

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Gets into host easily, grows and spreads quickly, amount and type of toxin.

Front 64

Viruses have (blank) and can (blank) in the host cell.

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nucleic acids, reproduce

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Viruses have no (blank), do not carry out (blank), do not feed or grow.

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organelles, metabolism

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Some common disease-causing viruses we heard about in class:

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SARS, HIV, Influenza, Rabies, West Nile Encephalitis, Polio (Salk Vaccine), Ebola, Smallpox (Jenner Vaccine), CJD (Mad Cow), Chicken Pox, and Measles

Front 67

Some disease-causing bacteria that we heard about in class:

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Streptococcus, Plague-Yersinia pestis, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Most STD's, Botulism, Salmonella, Helicobacter pylori (ulcers)

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Useful for making bacterias:

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Cheese, Yogurt, etc.

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Bilateral -

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Means it has a definite right and left side.
Ex: human, frog, fish, arthropods, etc.

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Radial -

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Organized like a whell, no right or left side.
Ex: Cnidarians (jellyfish, coral), Starfish, etc.

Front 71

Taxonomic groups -

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Place them in order from Kingdom to Species

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Examples of Arthropods -

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This phylum includes insects, crustaceans, chelicerates (spiders / arachnids)

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Segmented Body? -

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Annelids such as earthworms (Yes)
Round and Flatworms (No)
Arthropods (Yes)

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Arthropods have...

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jointed appendages and exoskeletons.

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They are also the (blank) group of living species.

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Largest

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An insects three body sections are called...

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Head, Thorax, and Abdomen

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Phylum Chordata -

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The chordates with backbones are vertebrates

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Chordates include:

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Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals

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Sharks differ from other fish because...

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Their skeletons are made of cartilage, rather than bone.

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Mammals such as....

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Bears, humans, bats, and dogs (hair, mammary glands, warm blooded-constant internal temperature)

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Birds and mammals share:

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Constant internal temperature, 4 chambered heart, internal fertilization