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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Molecule |
A particle consisting of two or more atoms chemically bonded together |
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Compound |
A combination of two or more different atoms that gives a chemically pure substance with all molecules identical Ratio of elements is always fixed |
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Mixture |
A combination of particles in which the ratio of elements is variable |
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Ionic bonds |
Formed when one atom gives up an electron and the other gains of Highly soluble in water |
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Non-polar covalent bond |
-Two atoms share one or more electrons -bonds are stronger than ionic bonds -single, double, triple bonds -tend to be insoluble in water |
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Polar covalent bonds |
An electron is shared unequally by two atoms Soluble in water |
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Hydrogen bonds |
-Bonds between molecules -weak and short-lived -attraction between positive and negative atoms involved in polar covalent bonds -important in determining solubility and the shape of proteins |
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Organic compounds |
Carbon-based also contain hydrogen |
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Polymers |
Large molecules made by bonding together strings of small molecules (monomers) |
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Dehydration synthesis (condensation) |
Bond formation between organic monomers and involves a loss of a water molecule (OH from one H from other) |
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Hydrolysis |
Polymers are broken down into smaller particles by breaking the bond and introducing a water molecule |
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Macromolecules |
Organic polymers - proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides are polymers all formed by dehydration synthesis -lipids not really polymers but are insoluble in water |
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Carbohydrates |
(CH2O)n -monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides -for structure and storage and metabolic fuel |
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Naming sugars |
Based on number of carbons -trioses: 3 carbons ex. Glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone -pentoses: 5 carbons ex. Ribose, ribulose -hexoses: 6 carbons ex. Glucose, fructose Based on position of carbonyl group -ketose or aldose -glyceraldehyde is an aldotriose because the carbonyl group is terminal |
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Disaccharides |
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage Maltose= glucose+glucose Sucrose= glucose+fructose Lactose= glucose+galactose |
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Polysaccharides |
Polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides - starch: polymer of glucose, major storage molecule in plants - glycogen: more highly branched than syatch, major storage molecule of animals - cellulose: glucose polymer, unbranched, alternate glucose are flipped, few animals have enzymes to break down bonds, major component of plant cell walls - chitin: glucose polymer with attached amino acids, forms the cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects |
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Monosaccharides |
Simple sugars -all but one carbon with a hydroxyl group (-OH) - one carbonyl (-C=O) group - many form a ring in solution consisting of carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, shape resembles a chair |
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Lipids |
-Composed of C, H, O relatively little O -fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids - insoluble in polar solvents because of non-polar covalent bonds - for structure as membranes, storage, protection, messengers |
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Fatty acids |
-long hydrocarbon tail with a terminal carboxyl group (-COOH) - saturated fatty acids: no C=C bonds, animal fats, solid at room temp - unsaturated fatty acids: one or more C=C bonds, plant fats, liquid at room temp, C=C bond in cis formation causing a bend in tail preventing close packing causing to be liquid |
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Fats |
- aka netral fats since they do not ionize - acid + alcohol - triglycerides: glycerol + three fatty acids - also diglycerides and monoglycerides - used in storage, insulation, and cushioning |
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Phospholipids |
- polar - consist of a diglyceride, a phosphate group linked to a -OH group, small charged molecule (sugar, amino acid, alcohol) linked to phosphate - hydrophilic end to otherwise hydrophobic molecule - mainly a component of membranes |
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Steroids |
- four fused hydrocarbon rings - differ in number and position of side chains and functional groups - commonly derived from cholesterol - some hormones are steroids (testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone) |
