Biology Unit Test Summer School

Front 1

Cell membrane

Back 1

Keeps the cell together while allowing certain organism through

Front 2

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 2

Used as tubes to move material such as proteins through the cell

Front 3

Ribosomes

Back 3

Create protein which is used to fix damage and direct chemical process

Front 4

Golgi apparatus

Back 4

Collect and process materials to be removed from the cell

Front 5

Vacuole

Back 5

A storage and contorts turgid pressure

Front 6

Micro tubules

Back 6

Act as a conveyor belt that moves substances from place to place

Front 7

Mitochondria

Back 7

Converts energy into a useable form and stores energy

Front 8

Nucleus

Back 8

A rough spherical object in the center containing DNA or coded instructions for the function of the cell

Front 9

Lysosomes

Back 9

Used to digest and break down protein

Front 10

Centrioles

Back 10

Help with the division of the cell as they copy the DNA

Front 11

What two things are found only in a animal cell

Back 11

Cell wall and chloroplasts

Front 12

How does a plant cell differ from an animal cell structure wise

Back 12

Plant cells are mostly rectangular and have ridged corners

Front 13

Function of the chloroplasts

Back 13

Do photosynthesis

Front 14

What is the magnification of the ocular lens of a microscope

Back 14

10x

Front 15

What is the magnification of the three objective lenses

Back 15

4x 10x 40x

Front 16

What are the three main points of the cell theory

Back 16

Made, basic, pre-existing

Front 17

What are the two main categories of cells

Back 17

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Front 18

Why are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different

Back 18

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus but an eukaryotes is usually larger and can be a multicellular organism and has a nucleus

Front 19

Reasons for cell division

Back 19

Repair

Reproduction

Growth

Front 20

Diffusion

Back 20

Movement of chemicals from high concentration to low concentration

Front 21

Osmosis

Back 21

Diffusion but only with water

Front 22

What are the two types of reproduction

Back 22

Asexual

Sexual

Front 23

What type of organism can do an asexual reproduction

Back 23

Unicellular organism

Front 24

Sexual reproduction

Back 24

A cell from one parent (gamete) meets with another parent and form together to have a full set of DNA as both have half. The offspring will have a different DNA

Front 25

Stages of the cell cycle

Back 25

Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Front 26

Stages of mitosis

Back 26

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

(Pmat)

Front 27

How long does a cell usually take to reproduce

Back 27

24 hours but skin is faster and neuron never

Front 28

When will the cell cycle not occur

Back 28

Receives a signal not to

Malnutrition

DNA not duplicated

DNA damaged

Front 29

What happens in the interphase

Back 29

New organelle is formed

Spends most time in this stage

DNA is copied as chromatids

Front 30

What happens in the prophase

Back 30

DNA become shorter and thicker

Nuclear membrane dissolves

Each chromosome is made of two chromatids

Front 31

Metaphase

Back 31

The chromosome line up in the center

Spindle fibers are visible

Front 32

Anaphase

Back 32

The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart and they split

Front 33

Telophase

Back 33

The daughter chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell and a new nuclear membrane is formed

Front 34

What happens in the cytokinesis

Back 34

Cytoplasm divides and organelles move

In animal cells its pinched closes and in animal cells a new wall is formed

Front 35

Embryonic stem cells

Back 35

When the egg and sperm meet 200 cells are created and are called embryonic stem cells through a process called cellular differentiation

Front 36

Adult stem cells

Back 36

Exist within special tissues such a bone marrow and umbilical cord. And can be used to create certain things such as rdc or wbc. Used to treat leukemia

Front 37

Meristematic stem cells

Back 37

Active for the plants whole life on the roots and stems

Front 38

What is tissue engineering

Back 38

Some animals can regrow body parts

Research is trying to grow human organs

Front 39

Cancer cells

Back 39

Cells that divide despite message not to

Front 40

Types of Tumors

Back 40

Two types

Benign and maligned

Front 41

Benign Tumors

Back 41

Not active and can be surgically removed

Front 42

Malignant Tumors

Back 42

Interferes with the function of other cells and can break away and spread. This is called metastasis

Front 43

What causes Tumors

Back 43

Mutations that make it constantly divide or not stop.

Canligents: environment factors like cigarette smoke and uv light

Genetics

Proto-oncogenes( genes that tell cells to divide normally) become oncogenes via mutations and divide continuously.

Tumor suppressor genes become inactive

Front 44

What is cancer screening

Back 44

Testing and looking for irregular, asymmetric, border, colour and the diameter of the cells

Front 45

Treatment options

Back 45

Surgery

Chemotherapy

Radiation

Biophotonic

Front 46

How does surgery treat cancer

Back 46

Removes tumor

Have a ____ectomy

Front 47

How does chemotherapy treat cancer

Back 47

Use drugs to kill dividing cells

Front 48

Radiation

Back 48

To destroy DNA of the cell

Use lasers

Front 49

How does biophotonics

Back 49

Use beams of light to target certain cancers

Front 50

Hierarchy of structures

Back 50

Organisms

Organs + systems

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Front 51

Male plant parts

Back 51

Back (Definition)

Front 52

Plant organ systems

Back 52

Shoot

Root

Front 53

Shoot system

Back 53

Everything above ground

And does photosynthesis and reproduction

Front 54

Organs in the shoot systems

Back 54

Leafs

Flower

Stem

Front 55

What does the leaf do in the shoot system

Back 55

Photosynthesis

Are edible and used for meds and wax

Front 56

Guard cell

Back 56

Controls the amount of oxygen water and Carbon dioxide can leave and enter the plant

Front 57

What does the flower do in the shoot system

Back 57

Used for reproduction

Have both male and female reproductive parts

After pollination the plant becomes the fruit

Front 58

What does the stem do in the shoot system

Back 58

Supports branches leaves and flowers

Transports materials

Provides with sugar cane, potatoes, wood, linen, many medicines

Front 59

Root system

Back 59

Everything underground

Front 60

Functions of the root system

Back 60

Anchors plants

Prevents erosion

Absorbs water

Stores food

Front 61

Tissues

Back 61

Specialized cells that work together

Front 62

Types of root systems

Back 62

Tap root system

Fibrous root system

Front 63

Tap root system

Back 63

Back (Definition)

Front 64

Fibrous root system

Back 64

Back (Definition)

Front 65

Main roles of the digestive system

Back 65

Take in food

Break down and absorb material

Extract waste

Front 66

2 types of digestion

Back 66

Mechanical

Chemical

Front 67

Mechanical digestion

Back 67

Break down into small pieces

Ie teeth

Front 68

Chemical digestion

Back 68

Chemicals and enzymes that break down food

Front 69

Digestive tract

Back 69

Pathway for the food to travel

Mouth. Esophagus. Stomach. Small intestine. Large intestine. Rectum. Anus

Front 70

Accessory organs

Back 70

Chemical formulas to break down food. ie liver pancreas

Front 71

Villa

Back 71

Long squiggly substance to increase surface area if a tissue

Front 72

Main types of tissues

Back 72

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

Front 73

Function of the mouth

Back 73

Food us taken in

Front 74

Function of the salivary glands

Back 74

To provide saliva that helps with chemical digestion

Front 75

Function of the esophagus

Back 75

A tube from the mouth to stomach that pushes food down

Lots of muscles

Front 76

Function of the epiglottis

Back 76

Is like a switch that opens and closed to allows food and air down different pathways

Front 77

Function of the stomach

Back 77

Holds food and churns its

Chemical and mechanical

Front 78

Epithelial tissue

Back 78

Thin layers that covers the surface of the body (ie skin intestines)

Front 79

Connective tissues

Back 79

Provide support

( bones, ligaments, tendons)

Front 80

Muscle tissues

Back 80

Bundles of muscle cells that that contract and relax

Front 81

Nerve tissues

Back 81

Long cells that carry electric signals

Front 82

Organs

Back 82

A group of tissues working together to do a function and form a structure

Front 83

Organ systems

Back 83

A group of organs performing a complex function together

Front 84

Female plant parts

Back 84

Back (Definition)

Front 85

Hierarchy of structures

Back 85

Organisms

Organs + systems

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Front 86

Male plant parts

Back 86

Back (Definition)

Front 87

Plant organ systems

Back 87

Shoot

Root

Front 88

Shoot system

Back 88

Everything above ground

And does photosynthesis and reproduction

Front 89

Organs in the shoot systems

Back 89

Leafs

Flower

Stem

Front 90

What does the leaf do in the shoot system

Back 90

Photosynthesis

Are edible and used for meds and wax

Front 91

Guard cell

Back 91

Controls the amount of oxygen water and Carbon dioxide can leave and enter the plant

Front 92

What does the flower do in the shoot system

Back 92

Used for reproduction

Have both male and female reproductive parts

After pollination the plant becomes the fruit

Front 93

What does the stem do in the shoot system

Back 93

Supports branches leaves and flowers

Transports materials

Provides with sugar cane, potatoes, wood, linen, many medicines

Front 94

Root system

Back 94

Everything underground

Front 95

Functions of the root system

Back 95

Anchors plants

Prevents erosion

Absorbs water

Stores food

Front 96

Tissues

Back 96

Specialized cells that work together

Front 97

Types of root systems

Back 97

Tap root system

Fibrous root system

Front 98

Tap root system

Back 98

Back (Definition)

Front 99

Fibrous root system

Back 99

Back (Definition)

Front 100

Main roles of the digestive system

Back 100

Take in food

Break down and absorb material

Extract waste

Front 101

2 types of digestion

Back 101

Mechanical

Chemical

Front 102

Mechanical digestion

Back 102

Break down into small pieces

Ie teeth

Front 103

Chemical digestion

Back 103

Chemicals and enzymes that break down food

Front 104

Digestive tract

Back 104

Pathway for the food to travel

Mouth. Esophagus. Stomach. Small intestine. Large intestine. Rectum. Anus

Front 105

Accessory organs

Back 105

Chemical formulas to break down food. ie liver pancreas

Front 106

Villa

Back 106

Long squiggly substance to increase surface area if a tissue

Front 107

Main types of tissues

Back 107

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

Front 108

Function of the mouth

Back 108

Food us taken in

Front 109

Function of the salivary glands

Back 109

To provide saliva that helps with chemical digestion

Front 110

Function of the esophagus

Back 110

A tube from the mouth to stomach that pushes food down

Lots of muscles

Front 111

Function of the epiglottis

Back 111

Is like a switch that opens and closed to allows food and air down different pathways

Front 112

Function of the stomach

Back 112

Holds food and churns its

Chemical and mechanical

Front 113

Epithelial tissue

Back 113

Thin layers that covers the surface of the body (ie skin intestines)

Front 114

Connective tissues

Back 114

Provide support

( bones, ligaments, tendons)

Front 115

Muscle tissues

Back 115

Bundles of muscle cells that that contract and relax

Front 116

Nerve tissues

Back 116

Long cells that carry electric signals

Front 117

Organs

Back 117

A group of tissues working together to do a function and form a structure

Front 118

Organ systems

Back 118

A group of organs performing a complex function together

Front 119

Female plant parts

Back 119

Back (Definition)