Biology Midterm

Front 1

Alleles

Back 1

Different forms of the same (example of different alleles of the genes for a certain blood proteins produced different blood types found in humans)

Front 2

Alpha diversity

Back 2

The number of different species in a community or a specific location; species richness.

Front 3

Anthropocene

Back 3

Unofficial term for the present geological period in which people significantly affect the ecosystem processes

Front 4

Beta diversity

Back 4

Rate of change of species composition along a gradient or transect

Front 5

Biodiversity

Back 5

The complete range of species, biological communities, and their ecosystem interactions and genetic variations within a species.

Front 6

Biological community

Back 6

A group of species that occupies a particular locality

Front 7

Biome

Back 7

Ecosystem characterized by the structure and characteristics of its vegetation, which support unique biological communities

Front 8

Biomass

Back 8

Total weight of living material in a place

Front 9

Carrying capacity

Back 9

The number of individuals or biomass of a species that an ecosystem can support

Front 10

Conservative biology

Back 10

Scientific discipline that draws on diverse fields to carry out research on biodiversity, identifies threats to biodiversity come and plays an active role in the preservation of biodiversity

Front 11

Competition

Back 11

A contest between individuals or groups of animals for resources. It occurs when individuals of a species is a limiting resource in a way that prevent others from using it

Front 12

Detrivore

Back 12

Decomposers

Front 13

Ecosystem

Back 13

A biological community together with its Associated physical and chemical environment

Front 14

Ecosystem engineers

Back 14

Species which modifies the physical structure of an ecosystem

Front 15

Ecosystem integrity

Back 15

The state of an ecosystem when it is complete and functional and has not been damaged by human activity

Front 16

Evolutionary definition of species

Back 16

A group of individuals that are unique similarities of their DNA and hence evolutionary past

Front 17

Extinction Cascade

Back 17

A series of linked to extinctions whereby the extinction of one species leads to the extinction of one or more other species

Front 18

Fitness

Back 18

An individuals ability to grow, survive, and reproduce

Front 19

Food chain

Back 19

Specific feeding relationships between species at different trophic levels

Front 20

Food web

Back 20

A network of feeding relationships among species

Front 21

Gamma diversity

Back 21

The number of species in a large geographical area

Front 22

Gene

Back 22

A unit (DNA sequence) on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein

Front 23

Genetic frequencies

Back 23

Percentage of different allele forms within a population

Front 24

Genus

Back 24

Unit of classification that includes one or more species

Front 25

Gene diversity

Back 25

The range of genetic variation found within a species

Front 26

Heterozygous

Back 26

Condition of an individual having two different allele forms of the same gene

Front 27

Heterosis

Back 27

Increase Fitness of Offspring resulting from mating of unrelated individuals

Front 28

Herbivore

Back 28

Species that eats plants

Front 29

High quality energy

Back 29

Focus, organized

Front 30

Homozygous

Back 30

Condition of an individual having two identical alleles forms of the same gene

Front 31

Hybrid

Back 31

Intermediate Offspring resulting from mating between two individuals of different species

Front 32

Hybrid vigor

Back 32

Increase Fitness of Offspring resulting from mating of unrelated individuals.

Front 33

Intrinsic value

Back 33

Value of a species and other aspects of biodiversity for their own sake, unrelated to human needs

Front 34

Keystone resource

Back 34

Any resource in an ecosystem that is crucial to the survival of many species

Front 35

Keystone species

Back 35

A species that has a disproportionate impact on the organization of biological community

Front 36

Kinetic energy

Back 36

Energy in-motion

Front 37

Low-quality energy

Back 37

Unfocused, disorganized

Front 38

Morphological definition of species

Back 38

A group of individuals comma recognized as a species, that is morphologically, physiologically, or by the chemically distinct from other groups

Front 39

Natural selection

Back 39

Genetic changes that occur in a population as it adapt overtime to its environment

Front 40

Out breeding depression

Back 40

Mating in production of offspring by individuals that are not close to you later. Hugs and individuals from different populations of the same species.

Front 41

Phyletic evolution

Back 41

Gradual transformation of one species into another

Front 42

Phenotype

Back 42

The morphological, physiological, anatomical, and biochemical characteristics of an individual that results from the expression of its genotype in a particular environment

Front 43

Population biology

Back 43

Study of the ecology and genetics of populations, often with a focus on population numbers.

Front 44

Potential energy

Back 44

Stored energy

Front 45

Population

Back 45

A geographically defined a group of individuals of the same species that mate an otherwise interact with one another

Front 46

Preservationist ethic

Back 46

I believe in the need to preserve Wilderness Area for their intrinsic value

Front 47

Predator

Back 47

Carnivore

Front 48

Prey

Back 48

Eaten by carnivore

Front 49

Resource conservation ethic

Back 49

Natural resources should be used for the greatest good of the largest number of people for the longest time

Front 50

Recombination

Back 50

Mixing of the genes of the two copies of a chromosome that occurs during mitosis

Front 51

Speciation

Back 51

Process where one species is transformed into one or more new species

Front 52

Species diversity

Back 52

The entire range of species found in a particular place

Front 53

Species richness

Back 53

The number of species found in a community

Front 54

Taxonomy

Back 54

The study of identifying and classifying living things

Front 55

Emerson and Thoreau

Back 55

2 of the first major figures that argued for the protection of natural areas

Front 56

John Muir

Back 56

American Wilderness advocate creator of preservationist ethic. Taught that the spiritual value of things was superior to the gain obtain by exploitation

Front 57

Gifford Pinchot

Back 57

First head of US Forest Service developed conservation ethic. World consist essentially of two components human beings , natural resources

Front 58

Aldo Leopold

Back 58

Original I followed the resource conversion ethic that later joined what would be termed land ethic.

Front 59

Resistance

Back 59

The ability to maintain the same state even with ongoing disturbance

Front 60

Resilience

Back 60

The property of being able to return to an original state quickly after a disturbance has occurred

Front 61

Consumer

Back 61

Carnivores, kill and eat other animals

Front 62

Anaximander

Back 62

First to suggest life evolved. Believed terrestrial animal life evolved from the ocean

Front 63

Science

Back 63

A process of inquiry. Systematic method for detecting patterns and processes

Front 64

Three criteria of science

Back 64

Observation, repeatable/verifiable, self-correcting

Front 65

Abiotic Factors

Back 65

include things like rain, wind, temperature, altitude, soil, pollution, nutrients, pH, types of soil, and sunlight

Front 66

Adaptation

Back 66

Changing of species and their habits to keep up with the ecosystem.

Front 67

Aeration

Back 67

Introducing air into the soil

Front 68

Aerobic resperation

Back 68

the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen

Front 69

Allele frequency

Back 69

is the relative frequency of an allele (variant of a gene) at a particular locus in a population, expressed as a fraction or percentage. Specifically, it is the fraction of all chromosomes in the population that carry that allele.

Front 70

Alfred Wallace

Back 70

known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection

Front 71

Allopatric speciation

Back 71

Speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become the carrier, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange

Front 72

Anabolic reaction

Back 72

chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules.

Front 73

ATP

Back 73

Adenosine triphosphate referred to as the molecular unit of currency. Is the number one source of free energy

Front 74

Aquatic Life Zone

Back 74

Areas of marine life period often determined by level of salt in water

Front 75

Producer/autotroph

Back 75

organisms that make their own food

Front 76

Beneficial gene mutations

Back 76

Adaptations that are an improvement of life for the species involved

Front 77

Biology

Back 77

A natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy.

Front 78

Biochemicals

Back 78

The chemical composition of a particular living system or biological substance

Front 79

Biotic factor

Back 79

The living components of an ecosystem

Front 80

Biomass pyramid

Back 80

a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem.

Front 81

Bond energy

Back 81

a measure of the amount of energy needed to break apart one mole of covalently bonded gases.

Front 82

Browsing

Back 82

a type of herbivory in which a herbivore (or, more narrowly defined, a folivore) feeds on leaves, soft shoots, or fruits of high-growing, generally woody, plants such as shrubs.

Front 83

Catabolic reaction

Back 83

usually release energy that is used to drive chemical reactions. Includes anabolic reactions

Front 84

Zygote

Back 84

A fertilized egg

Front 85

Wildtype

Back 85

A "normal" allele. A natural phenotype

Front 86

Water holding capacity

Back 86

The amount of water the soil can hold

Front 87

Topography

Back 87

the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.

Front 88

Trait

Back 88

a distinguishing quality or characteristic

Front 89

Transformation model

Back 89

the framework we use to help leaders understand their organizations and also guide a successful redesign.

Front 90

Cell theory

Back 90

A scientific theory which describes the properties of cells

Front 91

Charles Darwin

Back 91

Theory of evolution

Front 92

Sympatric speciation

Back 92

The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species as while inhabiting the same geographical location

Front 93

Stromatolites

Back 93

Spokesman and usually run Brewery Cornelius Elementary structure consisting of alternate layers of carbon

Front 94

Sister chromatids

Back 94

Two identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome with both copies joined together by a common centromere

Front 95

Salinity

Back 95

The saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water

Front 96

Organic evolution

Back 96

The sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species taxonomic group of organisms

Front 97

Fermentation

Back 97

Chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically

Front 98

Cytologist

Back 98

Someone who studies the microscopic appearance of cells especially diagnosis of abnormalities

Front 99

Coral reef

Back 99

Diverse under water ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structure created by corals

Front 100

Climate

Back 100

The statistics of weather usually over a 30-year interval

Front 101

Chemical energy

Back 101

The potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through the chemical process to transform other chemical substances

Front 102

Chloroplast

Back 102

Organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis

Front 103

Chromosome

Back 103

A package or organized structure contains the DNA of a living organism

Front 104

Cell division

Back 104

The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells

Front 105

Cell wall

Back 105

The structure layer that surrounds some types of cells situated outside of the membrane

Front 106

Cell

Back 106

The basic structural and functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms

Front 107

Cytoplasm

Back 107

The substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus containing the cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton and various particles

Front 108

Common species

Back 108

Used to describe a large population status of a species

Front 109

Ecological efficiency

Back 109

The efficiency with which energy is transferred from one trophic level to the other

Front 110

Ecology

Back 110

The scientific study and Analysis of interactions among organisms and their environment

Front 111

Differential reproduction success

Back 111

The idea that those organisms best adapted to a given environment will most likely survive to reproductive age and have offspring

Front 112

Dominant allele

Back 112

The gene differences that determine a species characteristics

Front 113

Dna

Back 113

An extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and that's the main material that transfers genetic differences

Front 114

Descriptive science

Back 114

A category of science that involves some serving recording describing and classifying phenomena

Front 115

Degradation

Back 115

The disintegration of materials by bacteria, fungi or other biological means

Front 116

Deductive reasoning

Back 116

A logical process in which a question is based on the Concordance multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

Front 117

Darwinian evolution

Back 117

The theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and others stating that all species of organisms have developed from other species provider through natural selection

Front 118

Mantophasmotodea

Back 118

A carnivorous insect

Front 119

Mesophyll

Back 119

The inner tissue of a leaf containing chloroplast

Front 120

Infiltration

Back 120

Soils ability to allow water to soak in

Front 121

Texture

Back 121

Sandy, clay

Front 122

Inconspicuous species

Back 122

Majority of species on Earth small include rodents and insects microorganisms

Front 123

Species

Back 123

Most specific way of classifying

Front 124

Splitting

Back 124

Branching one species into two or more species

Front 125

Microevolution

Back 125

Process of change in the characteristics of a population of organisms that occurs over the course of generations

Front 126

Macro-evolution

Back 126

Ginger biological diversity over long periods of time period and comes to the major biological changes evident in fossils

Front 127

Separate types

Back 127

Rejected because universality of DNA and genetic code common cell components are evidence of a single origin of all life

Front 128

Principle of evolution

Back 128

Darwinian evolution

Front 129

Theory of evolution

Back 129

Process that explains the patterns of the history of life on Earth, the diversity of organisms alive today

Front 130

Photons

Back 130

Particles of light energy that travels in waves

Front 131

Metabolism

Back 131

Orderly sequence of chemical reactions that either make or break down organic molecules

Front 132

Reproduction

Back 132

Creating a new individual cell or orgasm from an existing individual

Front 133

Genetic material

Back 133

Ability to store information , replicate with few mistakes, mutate

Front 134

Nucleotide

Back 134

Consists of sugar, phosphate, nucleotide base. Make-up DNA

Front 135

Homologous chromosomes

Back 135

Chromosomes that contain the same genes in the same order

Front 136

Maternal chromosomes

Back 136

Chromosomes that were contributed by female

Front 137

Paternal chromosomes

Back 137

Chromosomes introduced by the male

Front 138

Recessive allele

Back 138

Allele being masked masked, Expressed By lower case letter

Front 139

Heredity

Back 139

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Front 140

Gene mutation

Back 140

Any change in the DNA nucleotide base sequence of a gene that could be a new allele and therefore modified protein

Front 141

Pattern

Back 141

Anything on the night Summer of Love biology or other science that reoccurs over space and time

Front 142

Process

Back 142

Any force that produces or causes a pattern

Front 143

Hypothetico-deductive science

Back 143

Searches for the processes. Starts with hypothesis and deductive reasoning to test hypothesis

Front 144

Genotype

Back 144

Particular combination of alleles that an individual possesses

Front 145

Gene pool

Back 145

The total array of genes and alleles in a population