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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the characteristics of a living thing?
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-have cells
-reproduce -require energy -have a lifespan -evolve -respond to stimuli -grow and develop |
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What are the levels of organization of a multicellular organism?
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-cell
-tissue -organ -organ system -organism |
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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1. define the problem
2. research 3. hypothesize 4. test the hypothesis (experiment, including the control and variables) 5. analyze the data 6. form a conclusion (which becomes a theory if true multiple times) 7. report findings |
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What is a scientific law?
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what happens every time
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What is a scientific theory?
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why something happens
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What is an observation?
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facts that are noticed using the five senses
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What is an inference?
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making decisions based on observations
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What is an assumption?
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making decisions based on little or no observations
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What does biotic mean?
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living
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What does abiotic mean?
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nonliving
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What are the levels of organization in a biosphere?
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-organism
-population -community -ecosystem -biome -biosphere |
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What is an organism?
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a single lifeform
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What is a niche?
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the specific role of a species
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What is a population?
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members of a single species in an area
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What is a community?
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all of the living things in an area
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What is an ecosystem?
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all of the living and nonliving things in an area
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What is a biome?
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the major ecological areas on Earth
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What is a biosphere?
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any part of the Earth/atmosphere that supports life
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Give examples of a niche
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Ex. carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, scavenger, decomposer
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What is another name for a producer?
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autotroph
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What is a producer?
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a lifeform that makes its own food
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What is another name for a consumer?
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heterotroph
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What is a consumer?
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a lifeform that must get food from another source
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What is interdependence?
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organisms interact with/depend on each other and their environment
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What is a food chain?
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the immediate transfer of energy between organisms
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What is a food web?
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interrelated food chains in an ecosystem
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What percentage of energy is transferred on to each trophic level?
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10%
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What are the three major parts of the water cycle?
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condensation, precipitation, and evaporation
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What are the two ways carbon gets into the atmosphere? (carbon cycle)
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cellular respiration and burning of fossil fuels
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What is population density?
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how crowded a population is
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What is the equation for population density?
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d=#/v
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What is population dispersion?
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the spacial distribution of individuals within the population
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What are the three types of population dispersion?
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-random
-uniform -clumped |
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What are two ways to estimate population size?
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-capture/recapture
-random sampling |
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What is symbiosis?
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a close, long-term relationship between two species
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In parasitism, how many organisms are helped, and how many are harmed?
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one is helped, one is harmed
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In mutualism, how many organisms are helped, and how many are harmed?
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both are helped, none are harmed
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In commensalism, how many organisms are helped, and how many are harmed?
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one is helped, one is not affected
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What is succession?
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the gradual, sequential regrowth of a community of species in an area
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What is matter?
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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What is weight?
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mass with gravity factored in
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What is mass?
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the amount of matter
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What are atoms?
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the most basic unit of matter
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Do each of the following have a positive, neutral, or negative charge?
-electrons -protons -neutrons |
-negative
-positive -neutral |
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What is an ionic bond?
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a bond between a metal and nonmetal
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What is a covalent bond?
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a bond between two nonmetals
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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a bond involving a polar molecule, in which the oxygens attatch to the hydrogens
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What is cohesion?
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when molecules of the same substance stick together due to hydrogen bonds
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What does cohesion cause in water?
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surface tension
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What is high heat capacity in water?
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water can absorb tremendous amounts of heat before vaporizing
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What is a solute?
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a chemical that dissolves
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What is a solvent?
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a chemical that dissolves other chemicals
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What is a solution?
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a solute plus a solvent
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What does the pH scale measure?
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if a solution is an acid, a base, or neutral
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What is the range of the pH scale?
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1-14
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On the pH scale, what is the range for an acid?
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1-6
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On the pH scale, what is the range for a base?
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8-14
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On the pH scale, what is the range for a neutral solution?
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7
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What is a cell?
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the smallest unit to carry out all functions of life
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What is the formula for the surface area of a cell?
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a=6s^2
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What is the formula for volume of a cell?
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v=s^3
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What are the functions of the cell membrane?
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-a selectively permeable membrane
-a double layer made of phospholipids and protein gates |
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What are the functions of the nuclear membrane/envelope?
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-surrounds nucleus
-contains large openings called pores |
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What are the functions of the nucleus?
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-controls the cells actions (DNA)
-filled with nucleoplasm and chromatin -usually contains a nucleolus |
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What is the function of the nucleolus?
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to produce ribosomes
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What are the functions of the chromatin?
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-contains all the DNA of the cell
-when cell is ready to divide, it coiled up tightly (called chromosomes) |
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What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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-help material into/out of the cell
-seperates the cell into compartments -rough has ribosomes attached, smooth does not |
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What is the function of the ribosomes?
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-makes proteins
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What are the functions of the mitochondria?
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-turns glucose and oxygen into ATP
-has inside folds called cristae |
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What are the functions of the lysosomes?
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-catabolize macromolecules
-catabolize old organelles |
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What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?
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-gets proteins ready to leave the cell
-secrete hormones and enzymes |
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What is the function of the microtubules?
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-give support to the cell (skeleton)
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What are 2 examples of specialized microtubules?
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flagella and cilia
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What are the functions of the vacuoles?
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-store nutrients
-animal cells have several small ones; plant cells have one large one |
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What are the functions of the centrioles?
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-two, only found in animal cells
-form fibers during mitosis to pull apart chromosomes |
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What are the functions of the cell wall?
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-only found on plant cells
-protects and supports cell -composed of cellulose and pectin |
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What are the functions of the chloroplasts?
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-contain chlorophyll
-used for photosynthesis |
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What is homeostasis?
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biological balance
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What is diffusion?
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the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to reach an equilibrium
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What is osmosis?
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the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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What is an isotonic solution?
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a solution with evenly distributed salt content
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What is a hypertonic solution?
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a solution with more salt in it than the cell
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What are the effects of a hypertonic solution on a cell?
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plasmolysis
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What is plasmolysis?
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shriveling up
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What is a hypotonic solution?
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a solution that has less salt than the cell
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What are the effects of a hypotonic solution on the cell?
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deplasmolysis and cytolysis
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What is deplasmolysis?
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swelling up
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What is cytolysis?
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bursting
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What is simple diffusion?
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small molecules that can go through any part of the cell membrane
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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larger molecules move into and out of the cell with the help of protein gates
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What is active transport?
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goes against diffusion, so it requires energy
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What is endocytosis?
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how really large particles get into a cell
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What is exocytosis?
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how really large particles get out of a cell
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What is respiration?
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the process by which organisms catabolize glucose to obtain energy for cells
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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glucose+oxygen->carbon dioxide+water
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What is aerobic respiration?
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respiration using oxygen
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Where does aerobic respiration take place?
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the mitochondria
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How many ATP's are produced during aerobic respiration?
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38 ATP's per glucose
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What is anaerobic respiration?
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respiration without oxygen
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What is another name for anaerobic respiration?
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fermentation
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How many ATP's are produced during anaerobic respiration?
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about 2 ATP's per glucose
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What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
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lactic acid builds up in muscles causing cramps
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What happens during alcoholic fermentation?
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ethanol is produced along with CO2
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What is photosynthesis?
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the process of using the sun's energy to produce glucose
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
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carbon dioxide+water(+light)->glucose+oxygen+water
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Where does photosynthesis take place?
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the chloroplasts
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What color light do plants use for photosynthesis?
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red and violet
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