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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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niche
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exact habitat of an individual
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biosphere
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entire area on earth which organisms live
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ecosystem
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all organisms and nonliving things in an area
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community
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populations that live in the same area
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population
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individuals of a species living in the same area
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population ecology
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limited resources (competition); succession; predator/prey
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abiotic factors
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nonliving parts of an ecosystem (sunlight, water)
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biotic factors
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living parts of an exosystem
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ecological succession
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changes in an ecosystem from unstable to stable
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primary succession
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succession taking place in an ecosystem with no living organisms inhabiting it
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secondary succession
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succession taking place in an ecosystem with surviving organisms inhabiting it
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climax community
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a stable and diverse community
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tundra
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permafrost, long/cold winters, short growing season, coniferous trees + self-insulated animals, low nutrient/mositure soil
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taige/coniferous forest
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cold/long winters, moister soil than tundra, coniferous trees + self insulated animals
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temperature deciduous forest
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cold winters/warm summers, moderate precipitation, deciduous trees + mosses + hibernating/migrating animals
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grassland
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cold winters/hot summers, grasses, animals that can adjust to temperal changes
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tropical rainforests
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hot+moist, high precipitation, soil low in nutriets, trees/climbing plants + animals that live in/on trees
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deserts
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hot days/cold nights, very low precipitation, soil low in nutriets, plants that can survive with low moisture/nutrients + animals that can find shade/live off low water supply
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food webs
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arrows go in direction of energy being passed (up)
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producers
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can produce own energy (mainly vegetation0
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consumers
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rely on other organisms for food
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primary consumers
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eat producers
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secondary consumers
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eat primary consumers
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tertiary consumers
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eat secondary consumers
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decomposers
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decompose waste of organisms for energy
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autotrophs
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can produce their own energy
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heterotrophs
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rely on other organisms for energy
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herbivores
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eat vegetation
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carnivores
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eat meet (animals)
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pyramid of energy
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10% rule: only 10% of energy is passed on when consumed
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photosynthesis
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CO2 +H2O = O2 + C6H12O6 + energy
takes carbon and water and produces energy (with by products oxygen and glucose) related to cellular respiration because byproducts are ingredients |
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cellular respiration
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O2 + C6H12O6 =CO2+ H2O + energy
takes oxygen and glucose to produce energy (with byproducts carbon and water) related to photosynthesis because byproducts are ingredients |
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water cycle
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evaporates, condenses, precipitates
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O2-CO2 cycle
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CO2 created by burning and cellular respiration, then is turned into oxygen by photosynthesis, oxygen taken in by organisms and cellular respiration occurs
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Nitrogen cycle
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nitrogen taken in by nitrogen fixing bacteria, then turned into ammonium, ammonium then undergoes nitrification and turns into nitrites, then turned into nitrates by nitrifying bacteria or assimilation makes plants take in the nitrates. The plants are then eaten along with the nitrates by animals or are decomposed. The decomposers turn the nitrates into ammonium, beginning the proccess again.
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coevolution
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two or more organisms evolving simultaneously
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mutualism
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both organisms equally benefit (legumes/bacteria)
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parasitism
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one organism benefits, the other is harmed (ticks/humans)
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commensalism
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one organism benefits, the other is unaffected (ray/remona)
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nonnative/invasive species
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no natural predators, eat food of other organisms
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biodiversity
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variations in habitats, species and genetics; important because all are interdependent
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similarities in embryos
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changes in embryos, most closely related embryo movement=most closely related in evolution
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homologous structures
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similar structures with different purposes in dfferent species; shows that they eveolved froma common ancestor
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vestigal structures
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structures with no currect purpose
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similarities in biochemistry
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similarities in proteins shows relation
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Lamarck
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"Use and Disuse" causes growth/shrinking of a structure, this is then passed down
proved wrong by Weisman's mouse experiment |
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Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
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overproducing of offspring, differential survival rate, genetic variation, and struggle to survive survival of the fittest
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Kettlewell's peppered moth
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originally the allele frequency of the white moths was higher because they bleneded in with the trees and were not as suseptible to predators, but during industrial revolution the trees became black with soot and black allele frequency increased
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speciation
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divided by a geographical barrier and become new species when they can no longer reproduce (reproductive barriers formed)
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geographic isolation
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physical barriers established; natural selection occurs; differences between population increase; can no longer reproduce and reproductive barriers are formed
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prezygotic reproductive barriers
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behavioral isolation; mechanical isolation; temporal isolation; habitat isolation
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postzygotic reproductive barriers
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embryo death; hybrid sterility; sometimes hybrid survives but cannot reproduce
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genetic drift
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changes in a gene pool of a small population based on chance
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mass extinction
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most of community dies, the remaining community is not representive of the whole
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gradualism
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steady changes over time
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punctuated equilibrum
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a time of no change followed by time of many quick changes and againa time of no change
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divergent evolution
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single ancestor changes and creates different species
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convergent evolution
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two different species evolve to resemble each other (wing of bird and wing of insect)
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Meiosis I
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before prophase chromosomes replicate themselves; PROPHASE I: centriole pairs move toopposite poles; synapsis occurs (homologous pairs line up, tetrads form); crossing over; METAPHASE I: homologous pairs line up down equator; spindle fibers attach; ANAPHASE I (disjunction): homologous pairs separate and go to opposite poles; TELOPHASE I: nucleur membrane forms around haploid number of chromosomes; cytokinesis (divide into two cells; cleavage furrow); daughter cells formed
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Meiosis II
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PROPHASE II: nuclear membrane disintegrates; METAPHASE II: chromosomes migrate to equator of daughter cells; ANAPHASE II (disjunction): sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles; TELOPHASE II: nuclear membrane forms around haploid cells; cleavage furrow forms; 4 haploid cells created
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gametes
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sex cells with the haploid number of chromosomes
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diploid
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the number of chromosomes found in body cells; the full number of chromsomes
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haploid
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the number of chromosomes found in gametes; half the diploid number of cells
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes holding the gene for the same trait in the same locus, same size
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crossing over
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part of one homologous chromosome changes with the other chrosome, leads to biodiversity
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body cells
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diploid
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sex cells
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haploid; gametes
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autosomes
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normal chromosomes
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sex chromosomes
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one pair of sex chromosomes in all body cells, determines sex of individual
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Gregor Mendel
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scentist that discovered allele frequencies and Mendelian genetics
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homozygous
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pure (aa)
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heterozygous
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hybrid (Aa)
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genes
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the thing that determines a trait
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allele
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a specific type of gene that determines the outcome of the trait
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genotype
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the genetic makeup of the trait of an individual
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phenotype
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the appearance of an individual's trait
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incomplete dominance
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when both alleles mix to come up with an in between trait
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codominance
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both alleles show through
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polygenic
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many genes for one trait, makes a range for that trait (skin color, hair color, height)
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pedigrees
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circle = female, square = male
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nondisjunction disorders
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trisomy = one too many, monosomy = one too few
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hardy-weinberg equilibrium
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large population; random mating; no migration into/out of population, no natural selection, no net mutations
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hardy weinberg problems
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p = allele frequency of dominant allele (square root of AA)
p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant (AA) q = allele frequency of reccesive (square root of aa) q2 = frequency of homozygous reccesive (aa) 2pq = frequency of heterozygous |
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microevolution
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natural selection
genetic drift gene flow (migration) nonrandom mating (assortive > choose traits of mate; inbreeding > choose mates near) |
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structure of DNA
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double helix
nucleotide -5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) -phosphate group -nitrogenous base (purine: adenine/guanine; pyrimidine: cytosine/thymine) phosphodiester bonds covalent bonds between strands |
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Structure of RNA
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single stranded
nucleotide -ribose -phophate group -nitrogenous base (purine: adenine/guanine; pyrimidine: cytosine/uracil) phosphodiester bonds |
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Griffith's experiment
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transformed nonpathogenic cells into pathogenic cells
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Hershey and Chase's experiment
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concluded that DNA is the genetic material not protein by electrically tagging one or the other
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DNA replication
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hydrogen bonds broken
strands separate old strand is template DNA polymerase reads sequence 2 identical DNA double-helixes formed |
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Transcription
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DNA to RNA (occurs in nucleus)
DNA unwinds at site of gene RNA polymerase reads sequence and creates RNA strand when RNA polymerase reaches end of gene, disconnects and DNA recoils mRNA then leaves nucleus to ribosome |
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Translation
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RNA to protein (occurs at ribosome)
tRNA carries amino acids to mRNA according to sequences on mRNA elogation - adding on off amino acids peptide bonds formed between amino acids ends when reaches stop codon |
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codon
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3 base sequences on mRNA
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anticodon
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3 corresponding base sequences on tRNA for mRNA
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protein function
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Protection
Contratction Hormones Enzymes Structure Transport Energy source Regulation Storage |
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structure of protein
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amino group, side chain, carboxyl group, hydrogen bond, carbon center
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Denaturation
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enzyme looses 3D shape and function
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Substrates
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molecules that enzymes act on
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active site
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place substrate binds to enzyme
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point mutation
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silent - no effect
missense - changes meaning of sequence nonsense - causes a premature stop codon |
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frame shift mutation
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a deletion or inseration of an entire nucleotide
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Translation
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RNA to protein (occurs at ribosome)
tRNA carries amino acids to mRNA according to sequences on mRNA elogation - adding on off amino acids peptide bonds formed between amino acids ends when reaches stop codon |
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codon
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3 base sequences on mRNA
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anticodon
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3 corresponding base sequences on tRNA for mRNA
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protein function
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Protection
Contratction Hormones Enzymes Structure Transport Energy source Regulation Storage |
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structure of protein
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amino group, side chain, carboxyl group, hydrogen bond, carbon center
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Denaturation
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enzyme looses 3D shape and function
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Substrates
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molecules that enzymes act on
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active site
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place substrate binds to enzyme
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point mutation
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silent - no effect
missense - changes meaning of sequence nonsense - causes a premature stop codon |
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frame shift mutation
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a deletion or inseration of an entire nucleotide
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