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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the biosphere?
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All living things and the places they are found.
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Who invented the classification of species?
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Linnaeus.
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What is Binomial Nomenclature?
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The system of naming species.
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What is Taxonomy?
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The science of naming and classifying organisms.
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What are groups of organisms in a classification system?
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Taxon (or taxa)
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How is the binomial nomenclature of an organism setup?
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The genus first, then the species. Both are underlined separately or italicized.
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What are the limitations to Linnaeus's system?
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It only focuses on physical characteristics.
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What are the 7 hierarchies of classification?
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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What are the 6 kingdoms?
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Bacteria
Archea Protista Fungi Planti Animalia |
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What's the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
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Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus, Eukaryote do have a nucleus.
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What is a system?
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An organized group of related parts.
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What are the 5 characteristics of life?
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1)Cellular organization
2)Metabolism(Need for energy) 3)Homeostesis(Response to environment) 4)Reproduction 5)Hereditary(DNA) |
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Is structure related to function?
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Umm... Yeah.
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What is homeostasis?
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The maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism.
(Body temperature, reaction to loud noises, ect.) |
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What is evolution?
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The change in things over time.
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What is an adaptation?
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An inherited trait that give an advantage to be able to survive and reproduce more easily.
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What is biodiversity and where is it the largest?
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Biodiversity is the diversity of organisms in a particular habitat. It is most common at the equator because more species can live in warm environments.
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What is the scientific thinking process?
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-Observing
-Forming a Hypothesis -Testing the Hypothesis -Analyzing Data -Evaluating Results (These don't have to be in any order and they can take place in various orders) |
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What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?
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An independent variable is a condition that can be manipulated by a scientist. A depend variable is observed and measured during an experiment.
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What is a constant?
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The conditions that don't change.
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Whats a theory?
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A proposed explanation for a wide range of observations. (With a lot of support)
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What is a microscope?
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A tool that provides an enlarged image of an object.
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What are the different types of microscopes?
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Light Micrograph(LM)-Organism can still be alive, but can't magnify as well as the other two.
Scanning Electron(SEM)- Shows a 3d image of a specimens surface, however it kills it while doing so. Transmission Electron(TEM)-A 2d image of a thin slice of a specimen, also kills the organism. |
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What are complex systems normally modeled on and why?
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They are modeled on computers because...
-It may be more ethical -They may be able to do it on a larger scale -It may be impossible or difficult to do in real life. |
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What is a gene?
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A segment of DNA that stores genetic information.(A hereditary unit)
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What is a GMO? Are they safe to eat?
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A GMO is a genetically modified organism. The longterm effects of genetically modified crops and livestock are not fully known.
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What is the use and application of living things and biological processes?
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Biotechnology.
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What is an atom
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The smallest basic unit of matter.
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What is the difference between an atom and a cell?
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A cell is the smallest unit of LIFE.
An atom is the smallest unit of MATTER. |
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What is an element?
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An atom that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary means.
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What makes each element different?
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The amount of protons in its nucleus.
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Which 4 elements make up 96% of life?
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Carbon(C)
Oxygen(O) Nitrogen(N) Hydrogen(H) |
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What is a compound?
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A substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio.
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What is an ion?
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An atom that has gained or lost an electron. (It has a charge)
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How are ionic bonds formed?
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The electric force of two oppositely charged ions.
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What happens when atoms share electrons?
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A covalent bond forms.
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What is a molecule?
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Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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What gives water such unique bonding properties?
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Hydrogen bonds.
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Whats the difference between a polar and non-polar molecule?
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Polar- When molecules have slight electrical charges (Has an unequal pull. Ex: Water molecule)
Non-polar- They don't have a charge(They share molecules more evenly) |
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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The attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative hydrogen atom.
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What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
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Cohesion is the attraction among the molecules in the same substance(Penny experiment)
Adhesion is the attraction to other substance(Like how it bubbles down a little in a test tube) |
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What is the difference between a solution, a solvent, and a solute?
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Solution- A mixture of substances.
Solvent- The bigger amount Solute- What is being dissolved. |
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What is an acid?
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A compound that releases a hydrogen ion. With a pH lower than 7.
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What is a base?
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A compound that removes a hydrogen ion. With a pH higher than 7.
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What is a pH?
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A solutions acidity, or hydrogen ion concentration.
0-7 is an acid. 7 is neutral (water). 7-14 is a base. |
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What does sodapop(acid) do to our body?
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It makes us confuse hunger signals with thirst signals.
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What are the 4 types of macromolecules.
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Proteins,
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids. |
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What is a monomer?
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A subunit in a macromolecule.
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What is a polymer?
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A large molecule(macromolecule) made of many monomers.
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What is a fatty acid?
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Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.
(Make up lipids) |
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What makes up a protein?
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Amino Acids.
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What are carbohydrates made up of?
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Glucose
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What are Nucleic Acids made of?
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Nucleotides.
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What does a chemical reaction do?
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They change substances into different substances by breaking down and forming chemical bonds.
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What is a reactant?
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The substance changed in a chemical reaction.
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What is a product?
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Substances made by a chemical reaction.
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What is bond energy?
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The amount of energy it takes to break a bond.
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What is chemical equilibrium?
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When the reactants and products are made at the same rate.
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What is an exothermic reaction?
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When more energy is released.
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What is an endothermic reaction?
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When more energy is stored. (photosynthesis)
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What is a catalyst?
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A substance that decreases the activation energy needed for a reaction?
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What is an enzyme?
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A catalyst for chemical reactions in living things.
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What is a substrate?
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The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on
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What suffix do all enzymes end in?
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-ace(amalace)
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Who discovered cells?
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Robert Hooke
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What is the cell theory?
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-All organisms are made of cells
-All cells come from other cells -The cell is the most basic unit of life |
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What is an organelle?
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A structure specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell.
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Where is the DNA in a cell kept?
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The nucleus.
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Where are proteins made?
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Ribosomes.
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Whats the difference between a plant and animal cell?
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Plant cells have...
-Chloroplasts -A vacuole -A cell wall Animal Cells Have... -Centrioles -Lysosomes |
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What do mitochondria do?
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They make energy for the cell.
(They also contain their own DNA) |
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What does the cell membrane do?
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Forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials in and out of a cell.
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What is a phospholipid?
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A molecule composed of 3 parts:
-A charged phosphate group -Glycerol -2 fatty acid chains (Its polar) |
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What is the cell membrane made of and why is it effective?
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It is made of phospholipids. It is effective because the polar and non-polar parts of the phospholipids work together to make the membrane impermeable. (Besides proteins which do allow material to pass through)
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What is selective permeability?
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It allows some, but not all materials to pass.
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What is passive Transport?
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The movement of molecules across a cell membrane WITHOUT using energy.
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What is Diffusion?
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The movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.
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What is a concentration gradient?
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The difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another.
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What is osmosis?
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The diffusion of water molecules from a high concentration to a lower one.
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What is the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic.
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Isotonic- The concentration is the same on the outside as it is on the inside.
Hypertonic- Higher concentration Hypotonic- Lower concentration |
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Facilitated Diffusion is...
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when molecules that are passing through a membrane go through transport proteins.
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What does active transport do?
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Drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. It need energy.
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What is the difference between active and passive transport?
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Active transport need energy, passive transport doesn't.
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What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
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Endocytosis takes molecules into the cell.
Exocytosis tosses molecules(such as waste) out of the cell. |
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What are proton pumps?
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They are a type of active transport that requires energy.
(Same thing with any pump) |
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What does ATP stand for and what is it?
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ATP is adenosine triphosphate. It is a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.
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What is the difference between ATP and ADP?
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The amount of phosphates.
ATP has 3 phosphates, ADP has 2 phosphates. |
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How is energy released from ATP?
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By removing a phosphate group from it.
(Turning it into ADP) |
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Which macromolecule store the most energy?
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Lipids.
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What is ADP?
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A lower energy molecule that can be converted into ATP with the addition of a phosphate group.
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What is chemosynthesis?
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A process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules.
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What is photosynthesis?
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A process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy.
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What molecule found in chloroplasts absorbs the energy in visible life?
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Chlorophyll.
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What are thylakoids?
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Part of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll.
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What are many thylakoids called?
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Grana(sing. granum)
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What is the stroma?
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The part of the chloroplast where light independent reactions occur.
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What happens in the light-dependent reactions?
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1)Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight, energy is transferred along the thylakoid membrane, H20 molecules break down, 02 molecules are released.
2)Energy from the thylakoid is turned into ATP. |
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What happens in light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?
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1)C02 is added to a cycle of chemical reactions to build larger molecules.(ATP from light-dependent reactions is used)
2)Glucose is formed.(C6H12O6) |
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What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
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6C02 + 6H20 ----- C6H12O6 + 6O2
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How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis similar?
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They're pretty much just flipped.
Photosynthesis: 6C02 + 6H20 ----- C6H12O6 + 6O2 Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----- 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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What is cellular respiration?
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The process that releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based to make ATP when oxygen is present.
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In cellular respiration, mitochondria cannot directly make ATP from food. What process must happen first?
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Glycolysis.
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What is Glycolysis?
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I can't draw out the picture, but its in page 113 in the book.
It is the process that splits glucose into to three-carbon molecules and makes 2 molecules of ATP |
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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?
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Aerobic needs oxygen, anaerobic doesn't.
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What is the Krebs Cycle?
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The process that produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration.
(Kind of like what the thylakoids do in photosynthesis) |
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What happens in cellular respiration?
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1)The three-carbon molecules from glycolysis are broken down into ATP. CO2 is given off as waste.
2)Energy is transferred to the second stage. 3)Energy is transferred to a chain of proteins in the matrix. 4)A large number of ATP molecules are made. Oxygen enter the process and is used to make water. Water and Heat are the waste. |
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How much energy is made from 1 glucose molecule?
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38 ATP.
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What is fermentation?
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A process that doesn't make ATP itself, but allows glycolysis to continue.
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What is the difference between cellular respiration and fermentation?
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Fermentation doesn't need oxygen.
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What can the three-carbon molecules made from glycolysis also be called?
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Pyruvate.
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What happens in lactic acid fermentation?
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See page 123 for diagram.
Glycolysis creates 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP. That ATP is stored, however... 1) The pyruvate from glycolysis enters fermentation. Two NADH molecules provide energy to convert pyruvate into lactic acid. When NADH is used it turns back into NAD+. 2)The two molecules of NAD+ are given back to glycolysis. This allows glycolysis to continue. |
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What is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
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Almost nothing. Only the products.
For lactic acid the product is 2 lactic acid. For alcoholic the product is 2 alcohol and 2 carbon dioxide. |
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What is the cell cycle?
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The regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells.
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What are the 4 main stages of the cell cycle?
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1)Gap 1
2)Synthesis 3)Gap 2 4)Mitosis |
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What stage does a cell spend most of its time in?
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Gap 1
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What is mitosis?
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The division of the cell and its nucleus.
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What is cytokinesis?
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The process that divides the cell's cytoplasm.
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What is Gap 0?
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A stage where cells don't divide, but carry out normal functions.
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What is cell size restricted to?
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The ratio of surface area to volume.
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What is a chromosome?
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One log continuos strand of DNA that consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information.
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What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
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1)Prophase- chromatins condense, nuclear envelop breaks down, spindle fibers appear.
2)Metaphase- spindle fibers attach to each centromere, chromosome align at equator. 3)Anaphase-Sister chromatids seperate. 4)Telophase- Cell begins to split. |
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What is a growth factor?
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A broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division.
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What is apoptosis?
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Programmed cell death.
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What is cancer?
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A class of disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division.
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What is the different between malignant and benign?
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Malignant will spread, benign won't.
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What does it mean to metastasize?
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To break away.
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What are carcinogens?
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Anything that can cause cancer.
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What is asexual reproduction?
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The creation of offspring from a single parent and does not involve the joining of gametes.
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What is binary fission?
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The asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism by division into two roughly equal parts.
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What is an advantage of binary fission?
A disadvantage? |
You won't have to waste time find a mate and its much more efficient, however there is no genetic diversity.
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What is fragmentation?
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When a parent organism splits into pieces, each of which can grow into a new organism.
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What is budding?
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When a small projection grows on the surface of the parent organism, forming a seperate new individual.
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What are tissues?
What are organs? What are organ systems? |
Groups of cells that work together.
Groups of tissues that work together. Groups of organs that work together. |
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What is cell differentiation?
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The process by which unspecialized cells develop into mature forms and functions.
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What determines what type of cell a cell will differentiate into?
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The location in the embryo.
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What qualities must a stem cell have?
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1)Divide an renew themselves for long periods of time.
2)Remain undifferentiated in form. 3)Develop into a variety of specialized cell types. |
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What are the 3 types of stem cells?
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1)Totipotent- Can divide into anything
2)Pluripotent- Can divide into any cell except a totipotent cell. 3)Multipotent- Can divide into only a closely related cell. |
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What are the ethical problems with stem cells?
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You must destroy an embryo to harvest them.
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What is a somatic cell?
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A body cell. It makes up most of your body tissue an organs.
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What is a gamete?
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Also called germ cells, sex cells, ova, sperm, eggs, or spermatozoa. Cells in your reproductive organs that develop into gametes.
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What is the difference between a gamete and a somatic cell?
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-Somatic cells don't get passed on. Gamete cells do.
-Gamete cells have a total of 23 chromosomes(n), somatic cells have a total of 46(2n) |
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What is a diploid cell?
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A somatic cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
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What is a haploid cell?
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A gamete. Only has 23 chromosomes.
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What are homologous chromosomes?
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The chromosomes that pair up together. NOT identical, but similar.
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What are autosomes?
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Chromosomes pairs #1-22.
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What are sex chromosomes?
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The 23rd pair of chromosomes that directly controls the development of sexual characteristics.
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What is sexual reproduction?
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The fusion of 2 gametes that results in offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents.
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What is fertilization?
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The actual fusion of an egg and a sperm.
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What is meiosis?
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The division of diploid cells into haploid cells.
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What is the difference between a homologous chromosome and a sister chromatid?
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Homologous chromosomes are similar and not identical. They come from each parent and are different.
Sister chromatids are exact copies. |
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What are all the stages of Meiosis I?
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Prophase I- Nuclear membrane breaks down. Crossing over occurs.
Metaphase I- Homologous chromosomes pair up randomly at equator. Anaphase I- Homologous Chromosomes separate from each other and move to opposite sides. Telophase I- The result is 2 cells that have a unique combination of 23 duplicated chromosomes from each parent. |
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What are the stages of Meiosis II?
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Prophase II-Nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers assemble.
Metaphase II- Sister chromatids align at the equator. Anaphase II- Sister chromatids are pulled apart from each other. Telophase II- Each cell divides again and the result is 4 haploid cells. |
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What is the major difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?
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Meiosis I involves division of homologous chromosomes.
Meiosis II involves division of sister chromatids. |
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What is gametogenesis?
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The production of gametes.
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What happens when an egg is being produced in gametogenesis?
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3 of the haploid cells become polar bodies and the other becomes and egg cell.
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What is a sperm cell?
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The male gamete.
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What is an egg cell?
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A female gamete.
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Why was Mendel's experiment so effective?
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He used purebred pea plants and he used a very simple plant with not very many traits.
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What is a trait?
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A distinguishing characteristic that is inherited.
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What was Mendel's law of segregation?
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-Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent.
-Organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes. |
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What is an allele?
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Any form a gene that can occur.
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What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous.
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Homozygous is when the alleles of a trait are the same.
Heterozygous is when they are different. |
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
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The genetic makeup of an organism is a genotype.
The physical characteristics of an organism is phenotype. |
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What is a dominant allele?
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An allele that is expressed when only one gene is present.
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What is a recessive allele?
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An allele that is only expressed when two copies are present.
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What is a Punnett square?
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A grid system for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross.
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What is a monohybrid cross?
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A cross that examines inheritance of only one specific trait.
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What is the law if independent assortment?
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Traits are inherited separately.
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What is crossing over?
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The swapping of segments of chromosomes during Prophase I in Meiosis that results in genetic variation.
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What is genetic linkage?
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Genes that are close to each other on a chromosome will most likely be inherited together.
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