Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
omnivore
|
organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals 71
|
|
|
carnivore,
|
organism that obtains energy by eating animals 71
|
|
|
herbivore
|
organism that obtains energy by eating only plants 71
|
|
|
decomposer
|
organismm that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter 71
|
|
|
What is a producer? Give a definition and examples.
|
Food chains everywhere are dependent upon prokaryotes as producers of food and biomass. p 584
|
|
|
the levels of organization from biosphere to molecules
|
The biosphere consists of all life on Earth and the parts of the Earth in which life exists including land, water and the atmopshere.
bacteria trees whales p 21 and 64 |
|
|
The difference between a food web and a food chain
|
a food web - a network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem p. 74
a food chain - series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms tranfers energy by eating and being eaten p. 73 visually a food chain looks like a horizontal line, the web looks like a web with lots of arrows pointing away from each organism |
|
|
What is nitrogen fixation and denitrification?
|
fixation: process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use p. 84
denitrification: process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas 84 |
|
|
Where is the polar zone? What is it like?
|
p 97 receives the least direct sunlight because of the earth's access. These zones are located a the top and bottom of the earth. During winter in the polar zone, the sun is much lower in the sky, days are shorter, and solar energy is less intense.
The Polar zones are btwn. 66.5 and 90 degrees north and south lattitudes |
|
|
Where is the temperate zone? What is it like?
|
Btwn. 23.5 and 66.5 degrees north and south lattitudes.
During winter in the temperate zones, the sun is much lower in the sky, days are shorter, and solar energy is less intense. |
|
|
Where is the tropical level? Explain its climate:
|
btwn. 23.5 north and 23.5 south lattitudes
This zone receives nearly direct sunlight all year therefore the temperatures there are quite warm. |
|
|
What is the greenhouse effect? What are the pros and cons of having this in place?
|
It is a phemomenon in which gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor) called greenhouse gasses function like glass in a greenhouse, allowing visible light to enter but trapping heat.
Without the greenhouse effect the Earth would be abotu 30 degrees Celsius cooler. pros: cons: |
|
|
What is a habitat?
|
area where an organism lives, including biotic and abiotic factors that affect it 99
|
|
|
What is a niche?
|
full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
|
|
|
How are habitat and niche different
|
habitat = general place where an organism lives
niche = describes not only what an organism does but also how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors in an environment. A niche is the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce 99 |
|
|
What is competition?
|
p. 100-102
natural selection 473 497 population density 138 |
|
|
What is predation?
|
interaction in which one organism (the predator) captures and feeds on another organism (prey) 102
|
|
|
What is mutualism?
|
symbiotic relation in which both species benefit from the relationship 103
|
|
|
What is disease and how is it different than parasitism?
|
disease = 622
parasitsm =symbiotic relationships in which one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it 104 |
|
|
Explain the difference between primary succession and secondary succession.
|
secondary succession proceeds faster than primary succession, in part because soil survive the disturbance. AS a result, new and survivng vegetation can regrow rapdily. Secondary succession often follows a wildfire, hurricane, or other natural disturbance.
106-107 |
|
|
Explain the difference between Tropical Rainforest and Tropical Dry Forest.
|
Tropical Rain forest home to more specieis, get a lot of rain at least 2 meters per year, hot and wet,
Tropical Dry forest rainy season alternates with dry seasons. In most places, a period of rain is followed by a period of drought, animals require less water, 109, 112 |
|
|
What is a temperate forest and what are the primary characteristics?
|
-mostly made up of deciduous and evergreen coniferous trees
-fertile soil often rich in humus, a material, a material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter |
|
|
What is a tundra and its primary characteristics?
|
-characterized by permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen subsoil.
-short cool summers during which the ground thaws -tundra plants and small and stunted because roots are ripped as soil freezes and thaws |
|
|
What Aquatic ecosystem is the most productive and why?
|
??? no clue answer is probably around page 117-118...
Photic Zone ? |
|
|
Be able to label the photic, aphotic, benthic, abyssal, and thermocline in an aquatic ecosystem.
|
Photic
Aphotic page 118 photic is on top of aphotic benthic means touching the sand |
|
|
What was the crucial observation that Charles Darwin made in the Galapagos?
|
tortoise shells that differed according to the traits of the habitats the tortoises lived in.
|
|
|
What were the animals that Charles Darwin observed? What were the different characteristics?
|
finches beaks. He noticed that finches beaks fit their environments. For example birds that needed to crack seeds open had sharp beaks.p.496
|
|
|
What did Hutton and Lyell hypothesis?
|
454 459 They concluded that Earth is extremely old and that the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present
|
|
|
What was Lamarck’s theory? Why was it incorrect?
|
456 459 He suggested that organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using various parts of their bodies. He also suggested that individuals could pass these acquired traits on to their offspring, enabling species to change over time. He published these ideas the year Darwin was born. Although Lamarck's theory was incorrect, it was still an important hypothesis.
|
|
|
Natural selection
|
process by which organiss are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest p. 463
|
|
|
Artificial selection
|
selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurence of desirable traits in offspring 458
|
|
|
Fitness
|
how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment 461
|
|
|
Adaptation
|
heritable characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in an environment
|
|
|
Common decent
|
the idea that all organisms are descended from one common ancestor
|
|
|
Homologous structure
|
strutcures that are similar in different species of common ancestry 468
|
|
|
Vestigial organs
|
structure that is inherited from ancestors but ha slost much or all of its original function 468 example: appendix for digesting raw meat
|
|
|
Survival of the fittest
|
The difference in rates of survival and reproduction among different species
461-463 |
|
|
Natural Variation
|
the extent to which an organisms features vary naturally
example: the length of a giraffes neck... the lengths vary naturally |
|
|
In order to be a successful organism, what would have to happen and why?
|
It would need to be best suited to its environment so that it could have the habitat and food it needs.
|
|
|
What is decent with modification? How do we see evidence of that in the Animal kingdom?
|
464 516 the idea that living species are descended with modification from common ancestors. Deep time gave enough time for natural selection to act. For evidence of descent with modification over long periods of time. Darwin pointed to the fossil record
|
|
|
What are fossils? How do they support Darwin and evolution?
|
fossils are preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms 452 Darwin noticed that some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species. Example glyptodont a giant armored animal that looks like the armadillo
|
|
|
What is “soft dirt”? How is it formed and why is that important?
|
soft dirt is formed by the deposit of sediment which is key to becoming fossils.
|
|
|
How do people date fossils? (Name both ways)
|
541
radiometric dating: relies on radioactive isotopes, which decay, or break down, into stable isotopes at a steady rate. Relative dating: places rock layers and their fossils in a temporal sequence. This kind of dating allows paleontologists to determine whether a fossil is older or younger than other fossils. It does not allow scientists to gain info about a fossil's absolute age in years. |
|
|
Of the two ways to date fossils, which is more accurate?
|
radiometric dating because it can tell the exact age of the fossil in years
|
|
|
If you find a sample of C₁₄ with 1/16 left and you know the half life is 5,730 years, how old would the sample be? (show your work)
|
A half-life is the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. After one half-life, half the original radioactive atoms have decayed Carbon 14 has a halflife of 5730 years... Don't understand the question
|
|
|
There were two mass extinctions that happened on this planet. When were they? (Name the ERAs in which they happened)
|
548
At the end of the Cretaceous Period, a huge asteroid crashed into Earth dinosaurs and many other species became extinct Era = Mesozoic At the end of the Permian Period, it appears that there was a mass extinction according to the graph on page 548 Era = Paleozoic |
|
|
Explain how these words relate: Epoch, Period, Era.
|
Eons are divided into Eras. Eras are divided into periods
Eons -->eras-->periods Epoch is not in the glossary or index |
|
|
All four eras
|
PreCambrian (no life)
Paleozioc (plant life) Mesozoic (Dinosaurs) Cenezoaic (Mammals) |
|
|
Epoch =
|
not in index or glossary
here's a definition from online (Science: geology) a division of time characterised by the prevalence of similar conditions of the earth; commonly a minor division or part of a period. |
|
|
period =
|
Eras are subdivided into periods which range in length from 100 million years to just under 2 million years
|
|
|
era
|
Eons are divided into eras.
|
|
|
What did this planet look like 4 billion years ago? (name the gases)
|
earth's early atmosphere contained little or no oxygen. It was principally composed of carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen, with lesser amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide. p. 553
|
|
|
When did the first organism appear? What type of cell was it?
|
cells similar to bacteria might have originated first. Several hypotheses suggest that structures similar to proteinoid microspheres acquired characteristics of living cells as early as 3.8 billion years ago
these early organisms did not require oxygen |
|
|
When did oxygen start to appear on this planet? What was the bacteria that made oxygen?
|
photosynthetic bacteria became common in the Proterzoic Eon 2.2 billion years ago. They made oxygen
|
|
|
Explain the experiment done by Miller and Urey and what did it aim to prove?
|
They filled a sterile flask with water, to simulate the oceans, and boiled it. To the water vapor they added methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, to simulate what the thought had been early Earth's atmosphere. They passed the gas through electrodes to simulate lightning. They passed the gas through a condensation chamber. The cooled liquid was circulated through experimental apparatus for a week... they produced 21 amino acids, the building blocks of life. Their experiment suggested how mixtures of organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from simpler compounds on a primitive earth.
|
|
|
What is the endosymbiotic theory? What are the three reasons we believe it to be correct?
|
prokaryotic cells entered ancestral eukaryotes. These intruders began living inside the larger cells. A symbiotic relationships developed overtime between primitive eukaryotic cells and the prokaryotic cells within them
|
|
|
Eubacteria
|
are prokaryotes. cell walls have peptidoglycan, which makes them strong. It’s unicellular. They can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
|
|
|
Archaebacteria
|
Prokaryote, cell walls with peptidoglycan, unicellulr, autotroph and heterotroph
|
|
|
Prokaryote
|
No nucleus
there is genetic material, but it's not bound up divided into 2 domains: bacteria and the archaea |
|
|
Cladogram
|
diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species
|
|
|
Dichotomous key
|
used to id organisms. contains paired statements or questions that describe possible characteristics
|
|
|
Molecular clock
|
uses mutation rates in DNA to estimate the time that two species have been evolving independently
|
|
|
Adaptive radiation (examples)
|
the process by which a single species or a small group of species evolves over a relatively short time into several different forms that live in different ways.
|
|
|
Convergent evolution (examples)
|
the process through which similar structures and characteristics develop in distantly related organisms
|
|
|
Coevolution (examples)
|
process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time p. 551
example = pollinators and their plants |
|
|
40. What is a Gram stain? How do you do one and what does it tell you about the bacteria?
|
Bacteria will stain purple
Gram Negative Bacteria stain red |
|
|
41. Who were the scientists we studied and what did each one do?
|
Hutton proposed that slow-acting geological forces shaped the planet. He estimates the earth to be millions not thousands of years old
JeanBaptiste Lamarck- Publishes hypotheses of the inheritance of acquired traits. The ideas are flawrd but he is one of the first to propose a mchanism explaining how organisms change over time Charles Lyell Explains that over long periods, the same processes affecting Earth today have shaped Earth's ancient geological features Thomas Malthus predicts that left unchecked, the human population will grow beyond the space and food needed to sustain it. Charles Darwin He found evidence to support his explanation of how evolution works Alfred Russel Wallace Wrote to Darwin, speculating on evolution by natural selection, based on his studies of the distribution of plants and animals |
|
|
42. Define the word pathogenic and give me an example of bacteria that is pathogenic.
|
pathogenic = disease causing agent example the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. p. 586
|
|
|
43. In gram positive bacteria, where is the peptidoglycan found? What color will it stain?
|
It's in the cell wall. 525 581 page 525 says cell walls contain a substance known as peptidoglycan
|
|
|
44. In gram negative bacteria, where is the peptidoglycan found? What color will it stain?
|
Bacteria Stain Red (negative can be linked with red because red is the color of a stop sign)
Doesn’t have peptidoglycan These bacteria have a second, outer, layer of lipid and carbohydrate molecules, which keeps the violet stain out. |
|
|
45. What are the three reasons we believe that eukaryotic life came from Archaebacteria?
|
?
|
|
|
46. What are flagella? What do the do?
|
structure used by protists for movement produces movement in a wavelike motion 607
|
|
|
47. What are the three shapes bacteria can be?
|
Bacilli: rod shaped
Cocci: spherical Spirilla: corkscrew |
|
|
48. Define Chemoheterotroph. How do they get their energy?
|
117 121
A type of bacteria autotroph they use chemical reactions to obtain food |
|
|
49. How do Photoautotrophs get their energy? Give an example.
|
A type of bacteria autotroph
photoautotrophs use the sun 228 they get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis? |
|
|
50. Draw the process of conjugation. Explain what is going on between the two bacteria. Label ALL parts of the bacteria.
|
see photo in book
|
|
|
51. What is Binary Fission? What is the advantage of bacteria doing this? What are the disadvantages?
|
583
When a prokaryote has grown so that it has nearly doubled in size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical cells. It is a form of asexual reproduction. The advantages are that this form of reproduction allows prokaryotes to reproduce rapidly, as often as once every 20 minutes. A disadvantage is that there is no genetic variation, so there is no chance for offspring to have a better chance to survive a certain set of conditions. Sexual reproduction creates slight variations among offspring. |
|
|
52. When bacteria are stressed it will form what to hibernate? How does it do this?
|
?
|
|
|
53. Give an example of a bacterial infection; what does it do to the body?
|
?
|
|
|
54. What is Penicillin? Why was the discovery of Penicillin a good thing?
|
effective against many previously serious bacterial diseases such as syphilis and infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci.
|
|
|
55. Define probiotics; where are they found? What do they do?
|
?
|
|
|
56. Bacteria have an interesting relationship with Oxygen. What are the three types of metabolic relationships with Oxygen? Define what each one means?
|
-an aerobic organism that requires oxygen to grow. Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substances, like sugars or fats, in order to obtain energy.
-is an organism, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation. ex: Staphylococcus (Gram positi -anaerobic microorganisms that live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen; some of these are killed by oxygen. |
|
|
57. What is Nitrogen fixation? How does it benefit a plant?
|
Bacteria that live in the soil are unique because they can convert nitrogen gas -->ammonia. The ammonia is a byproduct of the bacteria that can be used (or taken up)
|
|
|
58. What are the two methods of sterilization? Give 2 examples of each.
|
heat
chemical Antibiotics treat BACTERIAL infections only. They prohibit the growth and reproduction of bacterial cells within a host organism. |
|
|
59. What is a virus made of?
|
very small and limited to a few physical characteristics:
Some nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) Protein coat (called a Capsid) Lipids (only sometimes) They can not reproduce unless they infect a living cell. |
|
|
60. Define Bacteriophage. Can a bacteriophage infect a human cell? Why or why not?
|
a virus that ONLY infects bacteria.
|
|
|
61. Draw a rough sketch of the lytic cycle.
|
see old Bio book for a good picture or Ms. West's review sheet
The host will replicate the virus and then the virus will violently bust open the host cell |
|
|
62. Draw a rough sketch of the lysogenic cycle.
|
see page 577
A virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA. The viral DNA that is embedded in the host’s DNA is called a prophage |
|
|
63. Define prophage.
|
A virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA.
The viral DNA that is embedded in the host’s DNA is called a prophage |
|
|
64. What are onogenic viruses? Give an example.
|
hmmm not in index
Here's a definition from a medical dictionary .edu site: Cancer virus, tumor virus Oncology A DNA virus or RNA virus capable of causing malignant transformation of cells, inducing a neoplasia in its host or causally linked to human tumors. Oncogenic viruses include Retroviruses, eg leukemia viruses of cats, cattle, chickens; Herpesviruses, eg EBV-induced Burkitt's lymphoma, Asiatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma; DNA virus, eg HPV |
|
|
65. What are retroviruses? Give an example?
|
This a type of virus that inserts an RNA sequence that is then transcribed backwards. An example would be HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
|
|
|
66. How do retroviruses infect a host cell?
|
type of virus that inserts an RNA sequence that is then transcribed backwards.
|
|
|
67. What are 8 characteristics of life.
|
1. can reproduce
2. have a genetic code 3. stimulus and response 4. homeostasis 5. obtain and use materials and energy - metabolism 6. evolve 7. grow and develop 8. made up of cells page 18 and 19 |
|
|
Do bacteria and viruses meet the criteria for life?
|
bacteria yes they can reproduce by themselves they contain their own dna
viruses non living page 574 they can't reproduce without a host cell |
|
|
68. What are the four Kingdoms in the Eukarya Domain?
|
1. Plantae
2. Animals 3. Fungi 4. Protozoa page 523 |
|
|
Which Protozoan causes Malaria? What is Malaria? What is the intermediate host?
|
a protozoan known as plasmodium
the intermediate host is mosquitos |
