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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Each cell contains the entire DNA information, but only ___ they need from within it.
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use the genes
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What does regulating gene expression mean?
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CONTROLLING the types of proteins that made in the cell.
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What are the two goals of regulating gene expression?
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Turn off some genes
Turn on some genes. |
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What are ways to regulate genes?
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-Regulating transcription
-Degrading mRNA, slowing its life span. -Slowing down the processes |
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Read through 8.2 (genetic engineering)
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BASIC NOTES
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What is rBGH?
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A protein
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How do we grow rBGH?
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-Transfer of rBGH gene to bacteria
-Bacteria serve as factories |
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What are restriction enzymes?
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enzymes used by bacteria as defense, cut DNA specific sequences. allow us to make precise cut in DNA
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What are Plasmids?
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Small, circular pieces of bacteria which can be used to carry a gene into a cell
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Two ways to produce recombinant ptoeins?
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restriction enzymes
plasmids |
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Read 8.2
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Read 8.2
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Steps of producing (recombinant) proteins?
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1. Remove gene from cow with restriction enzymes
2. Insert gene into bacteria plasmid 3. Insert recombinant plasmid 4. Extract the protein and inject it into cow. |
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What is Recombinant DNA?
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a prefix used to indicate genetical engineering.
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What are some examples of uses of recombinant proteins?
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-Clotting proteins for hemophiliacs
-Insulin for diabetes |
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How do we make insulin?
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(8.2) same was for recombinant proteins.
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How much milk in the US has rBGH used?
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20%
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If ___, traits can change across generations.
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genes make proteins, which make traits, which can mutate
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Darwin defined evolution as what?
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"Descent with modification"
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Evolution and genetic change occurs in ___.
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generations
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INDIVIDUALS DO NOT EVOLVE.
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POPULATIONS EVOLVE>
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What is the gene pool?
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All the available alleles and genetic information in a population.
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Formal definition of evolution?
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-Genetic change in a lineage of populations of generations, through time.
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What allows for phylogenies to work?
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Descent with Modification
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What does descent with modification allow for?
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family trees, phylogenies.
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Why does descent with modification mean that a family tree exists?
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-All life has DNA
-DNA similar in closer relatives |
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What do phylogenies resemble?
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trees
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The Y axes on phylogenenies is?
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Time
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Parts of a phylogenies?
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-Branches - genetic connections
-Nodes - genetic divergence |
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Our BEST definition of evolution is?
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A change of allele frequencies in a population
and Descent with modificatio |
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What is regulating gene expression?
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turning a gene on or off, or modulating it
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What are the 5 ways to regulate gene expression?
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-Regulation of Transcription
-Regulation of Chromosome Condensation -Regulation of mRNA Degredation -Regulation of Translation -Regulation of protein degradation |
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How is regulation of transcription done in Eukaryotes?
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activators
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How is regulation of transcription done by Prokaryotes?
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Repressor proteins
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What is regulation of chromosome condensation?
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condensing chromosomes, which prevents RNA polymerase from being able to access genes.
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What is regulation by mRNA Degradation?
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Regulation how long mRNA is?
(NUCLEASES cut them) |
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What is regulation of translation?
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Regulating steps of translation
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What is regulation of protein degradation?
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Using enzymes (proteases) to affect lifespan of protein
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Steps for cloning a gene with bacteria?
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1. Remove Gene from cow chromosome with RESTRICTION ENZYMES.
2. Collect plasmid from bacteria and bind with gene from cow 3. Reinsert new RECOMBINANT PLASMID back into bacteria 4. Inject these (proteins, or whatever) back into cow. |
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How many of US cows use BGH?
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One-third.
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Biggest criticism of BGH?
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Damage done to cows' health.
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What was the primary belief about species before Darwin?
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They were "fixed"
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Why didn't pre-Darwinian ideas gain popularity?
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-No theories backing the idea
-Limited Data |
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What did Lamarck argue?
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Organisms changed through time be inheritance of ACQUIRED characteristics, like giraffes stretching or tails being cut off.
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What historical factor allowed for Darwin to travel?
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The age of exploration had just begun.
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What were Darwin's credentials?
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Medical dropout, preacher, naturalist.
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What influences were had on Darwin during his travel?
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Two books:
"Principles of Geology" "Essay on the Principle of Population" |
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What were Darwin's initial observations?
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A high degree of similarity AND variation. GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION.
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What claims did Darwin make?
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-Changes in species related to adaption of environment
-Adaptions could lead to DIFFERENTIAL SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION |
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Why did Darwin publish his book so late?
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He didn't publish until Wallace corresponded with him.
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What are the three evidences of evolution?
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-Fossils
-Homologous structures -Similarity in DNA |
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Why did it matter that Wallace published his work along with Darwin?
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They were indepdent but led to the SAME CONCLUSION.
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What are fossils?
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ONCE LIVING organisms that turned into rock
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What animals do we have an abundance of fossils for?
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Horses, whales, snails
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What do Fossils show as evidence of evolutio?
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trends in EVOLUTIONARY development of traits.
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What do homologous structures show as evidence of evolution?
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Similar structures mean similar ancestry.
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What is a scientific theory?
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many hypothesis that have been tested and support the same conclusion
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What are the two criteria for a theory?
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1. Represent a BODY of knowledge
2. Widely accepted |
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Most people could accept about how many evolutionary hypotheses?
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Four
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What are the 4 evolutionary hypotheses?
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1. Static model
2. Transformation 3. Separate types 4. Common descent |
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Of the 4 evolutionary models, which is most likely true?
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Common descent.
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What is the static model of evolution?
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Species arise separately, do not change
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What is the common descent model of evolution?
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Species change over time, new species can arise, common ancestor
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What is the transformation model of evolution?
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species arise separately but change over time
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What is the "separate types" model of evolution?
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species change over time, new species can arise, but all have separate ancestors.
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What evolutionary model is supported by homology?
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common descent
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What is natural selection?
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Some individuals having traits that make them more likely to SURVIVE and REPRODUCE
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Natural selection works with what ability?
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fitness
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What is "fitness"?
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The ability to procure resource for your own reproductive success
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What are the categories of natural selection?
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Stabilizing
Directional Diversifying |
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What is stabilizing selection?
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favoring of the average morph of a trait
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What is directional selection?
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favoring extrem morphs of a trait
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What is diversifying selection?
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favors two opposite morphs at the same time.
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The three aspects of evolution?
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Natural Selection
Mutation Genetic Drift |
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What is genetic drift?
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random changes in gene frequencies
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What can lead to genetic drift?
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environmental catastrophes
genetic bottlenecks gene flow |
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What increases genetic diversity?
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gene flow and mutation
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What decrease genetic diversity?
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natural sleection and genetic drift
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What are genetic bottlenecks?
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populations going through a rapid decrease of size and lose diversity
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What is gene flow?
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movement of indiviudals and their genes from one population to another. NOT MIGRATION
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What is vertical change?
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accumulated changes in a lineage, OVER TIME
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Example of vertical change?
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peppered moth: not a new species, but IS evlution
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Natural selection is a ___ of evolutionary change.
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mechanism
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What is speciation?
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the generation of new specias via some mechanism of change
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Biological classification?
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Spcies |
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How id biological classification carried out?
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grouping organisms based on shared similarity and history.
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What is Phylogeny?
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Family trees
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Parts of phylogeny?
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Branches (stems) and nodes (divergences)
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What are phylogenies based on?
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similarity due to DNA
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Broadly, what is a species?
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all of a given kinds of a given organism.
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How are specific species named?
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with latin binomials,
"genus species" |
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What part of biological classification is most inclusive?
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Kingdom/Phylum/HIGH PART
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What are the three ways to define species?
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Biological species
geneological species morphological species |
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What is the biological species concept?
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"species are a group of interbreeding individuals in a natural population"
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What is the genealogical species concept?
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"smallest group of reproductively compatible organisms containing ALL know descendants of a single common ancestor"
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What is the morophological species concept?
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reliable physical characteristics distinguishijng them from all species
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By mixing the definitions of species, how can be MOST accurately define them?
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Once isolation prevents two groups of individuals from mating and new species are former, often with moropholigcal differences.
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How does genetic divergence take place?
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when groups go through REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION
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What are the Speciation Mechanisms?
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a) Pre-fertilization barriers
b) Post-fertilization barriers |
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Kinds of pre-fertilization barriers?
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temporal - different reproduction time
ecological - different places behaviorial - different behavior mechanical - different parts gamete incompatibility- different gametes |
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What are the types of post-fertilization barriers?
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Allopatric speciation
Sympatrix speciation |
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What is allopatrix speciation?
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a post-fertilization barrier in which a physical barrier prevents gene flow between 2 previously interbreeding populations.
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What is sympatric speciation?
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post-fertilization barrier occuring within a population without physical barriers.
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What are niches?
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placed occupied by a species with its ecosytem
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What is adaptive radation?
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spread of species of common ancestry into different niches
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What is PUncatied evolution?
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a way to have sudden speeds of evolution
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