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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Health and disease (define health and disease, describe how communicable and non communicable dies eases differ, outline the role of the immune system in protecting against disease) |
Health: a state of complete physical, social and mental well being Disease: a disorder that affects the structure of function in a animal or plant Communicable disease can be caught from other people but noncommunicable diseases can’t The immune system protects use from diseases if our physical/chemical barriers fail. The body identifies pathogens by their antibodies and so the lymphocytes, With antibodies (a protein)on their surface with a matching shape can attack the antibodies by labelling them and causing hem to clump together, the pathogen can then be destroyed. When the pathogens have been killed, some of the lymphocytes remain in the blood as memory lymphocytes, this means if you catch the same pathogen, the memory lymphocytes can launch a much faster secondary response, preventing you from being ill again and being imune |
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Non-communicable diseases ( example of noncommunicable diseases, define the term malnutrition, explain how diet can lead to malnutrition, describe the link between alcohol and liver disease) |
Examples: scurvy (vitamin c), rickets (vitamin d and/or calcium), anaemia (iron), kwashiorkor (protein) Lack of proper nutrition caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat. By having a poor diet, one does not get the nutrients one needs to be healthy The more alcohol one consumes, the higher the chance is of getting liver disease, alcohol is a risks factor for liver disease |
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Cardiovascular disease (describe how obesity is measured, describe how obesity correlated with cardiovascular disease, describe how smoking correlated with cardiovascular disease, compare how cardiovascular diseases are treated) |
Measured in BMI (body mass index (mass/ height2)- not to accurate as some people are a more solid build than others) and waist: hip ratio (a better measurement as the results are more accurate For cv disease) To much fat in the diet is a risk factor for cv as it causes a build up of fat in the arteries which can cause heart attacks or strokes Smoking is a risk factor of cv disease as substances from tobacco are inhaled and absorbed into blood stream. This damages blood vessels which causes the vessels to narrow. This increases blood pressure which increases blood clots which lead to cv disease Many treatments for cv such as medication and lifestyle adaptions, can have surgery though: a stent is inserted into artery with ballon attached. Ballon is inflated causing stent to widen and flatten fatty deposits. This widens artery and lowers the risk of heart attacks and blood clots |
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Pathogens (describe some problems and diseases caused by bacteria, describe a disease caused by a virus, describe a disease caused by a fungus, explain how signs of a disease can be used to identify the pathogen) |
Cholera, symptoms: diarrhoea, spread: in water and then ingested, how it can be reduced: drinking unpolluted water Ebola, symptoms: internal bleeding and fever, spread: easily enters through broken skin eyes nose and mouth, how it can be prevented: by wearing full body protection and washing hands to stop virus being carried Chalara dieback, symptoms: lesions on trunk and branches, leaves during early, dieback at top of tree, spread: in air as tiny spores, how it can be prevented: remove affected trees so can’t be spread Pathogens can be cultured in agar jelly, to recognise the pathogen, or genetic analysis can be used |
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Spreading pathogens (ways that pathogens can be spread, examples of how pathogens are spread in different ways, explain how the spread of pathogen can be reduced) |
Airborne (tuberculosis- covering mouth when sneezing) Vectors (malaria- mosquito nets) Common vehicles (Stomach ulcers- good hygiene stops bacteria spreading) Contact (Ebola- bst to avoid infected or wear full body protection) |
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Virus life cycles (structure of a virus, explain how viruses differ from cells, describe lytic pathway of virus life cycle, describe lysogenic pathway of virus life cycle, differences between lytic and lysogenic cycle,calculate the cross-sectional area of viral culture and clear agar jelly) |
All contain one or more strands of genetic material, which is surrounded by a protein coat (or capsid). Aren’t classified as living organisms as the can’t replicate and have to enter a living cell to do so In the lytic cycle, the virus injects DNA into the cell, which then forms a circle inside bacterial cell. The viral DNA then manufactures virus particles, which are released when cell breaks open In the lysogenic cycle, the virus injects DNA into the cell which causes the incorporation of genetic Material. Cell devision then happens (like normal). Under stressful conditions the vital DNA is cut from the bacterial chromosomes and enters the lytic cycle the virus in lysogenic is dormant, isn’t in lytic. The virus is incorporated into genome in lysogenic, isn’t in lytic Use pi x r2 to find cross sectional area |
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Plant defences (describe physical Barriers of plants to pests and pathogens, describe chemical Barriers of plants to pests and pathogens, describe how plant protective chemicals are used to treat human diseases or symptoms, describe examples of aseptic techniques, explain why aseptic technique must be used during the culture of microorganisms) |
Bark, thorns, waxy cuticles, cellulose cell wall Toxins, poisons, antiseptics Digitalis from foxgloves- heart conditions/ aspirin from willow- pain relief/ quinine from cinchona trees- malaria 1) use of autoclave to sterilise equipment (uses heat) 2) heating to kill all living organisms Aseptic techniques are used to kill any unwanted pathogens so that the readily are accurate and no dangerous pathogens are cultured |
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Plant diseases (describe how plant diseases are detected using visible symptoms, describe how environmental causes of plant problems are eliminated when identifying disease, describe how distribution analysis can help identify a plant disease, describe how plant pathogens are diagnosed in a lab) |
Look for: change in growth, colour change, blotches or lesions, compare against other plants A soil sample can be taken to see if there is a nutrients deficiency, a distribution analysis can also be taken around the damaged plants occur Distribution analysis helps as the same problem may look différant in different species, so a distribution analysis is used around the area that the damaged plants occur, then a conformation by lab testing and diagnosis can be done In labs, a sample of the plant can be cultured on agar so that the pathogens grow and can be identified. Genetic analysis can also be used on the pathogen to see what type it is |
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Physical and chemical barriers (explains how the spread of STIs and HIV can be reduced and prevented, give examples of physical barriers and how they work, give examples of chemical barriers and how they work |
Screening is effective to reduce STIs as it helps to identify an infection so that people can be treated, also contraception and not sharing needles prevents STIs Physical barriers: skin (pathogens can’t cross through, can only go through cuts), cilia (moves substances such as mucus across surfaces and carries dust and pathogens away), mucus (traps dust and pathogens Chemical barriers: enzymes (lysozyme) (kills pathogens, hydrochloride acid (reduces the pH to about pH 2 which kills harmful microorganisms in food |
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The immune system (what does the immune system do, describe how antigens triggers the release of antibodies and the production of memory lymphocytes, describe the role of antibodies in the immune response, describe the role of memory lymphocytes in triggering a secondary response, explain how immunisation protects against infection by a pathogen, discuss advantages of immunisation including herd immunity) |
The immune system protects the body by attacking pathogens Antigens are detected by antibodies,the antibodies can attach onto the antigen and label then causing them to clump together and be destroyed. When the lymphocyte (it is a white blood cell with the antibody attached) is activated by attacking to an antigen, it divides rapidly to make many lymphocytes with the same antibodies. Some of these lymphocytes remain in the blood as a memory lymphocytes. If you catch the same pathogen, the memory lymphocytes can recognise the pathogens and produce antibodies much quicker, preventing you from being ill again. This is the secondary response Immunisation is when you cannot get a disease, this is normally done by a vaccination (a weakens or inactive pathogen is injected or taken orally so ones immune system can produce memory lymphocytes that will attack the real pathogen if one catches it Benefits of immunisation:usually causes little reaction/ most vaccines last for years... risks:!slight chance that one may react badly/ for herd immunity, one does not know how many have been vaccinated and there is still a chance they may get the pathogen |
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Antibiotics (define the term antibiotic, explain why antibiotics are useful for treating bacterial infections, explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat infections by pathogens other then bacteria, describe the stages of development for new medicines and why they are needed |
Medicines hat inhibit cell processes in bacteria Because they do not damage human cell processes Antibiotics only work in bacteria as they have the mechanism to target bacteria, viruses and other pathogens do not have this target so can’t be killed 1) preclinical trial (on cells and tissues- shows if medicine can get into cell and have required affect. 2) animal testing (on animals- to see how medicine affects whole body. 3) small clinical trials (healthy people- to check is it is safe and has no side affects). 4) large clinical trials ( on people who have the disease that the medicine will treat- to work out correct dosages and to check for différant side affects on different people) |
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Antibiotics (define the term antibiotic, explain why antibiotics are useful for treating bacterial infections, explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat infections by pathogens other then bacteria, describe the stages of development for new medicines and why they are needed |
Medicines hat inhibit cell processes in bacteria Because they do not damage human cell processes Antibiotics only work in bacteria as they have the mechanism to target bacteria, viruses and other pathogens do not have this target so can’t be killed 1) preclinical trial (on cells and tissues- shows if medicine can get into cell and have required affect. 2) animal testing (on animals- to see how medicine affects whole body. 3) small clinical trials (healthy people- to check is it is safe and has no side affects). 4) large clinical trials ( on people who have the disease that the medicine will treat- to work out correct dosages and to check for différant side affects on different people) New medicines are needed, as over time bacteria becomes immune to that medicine, it then multiplies and so more bacteria become immune. |
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Monoclonal antibodies (define the term monoclonal antibodies, define the term hybridons cell |
Are pure Samples of millions of a particular antibody that binds to only one antigen It can produce vast quantities of monoclonal antibodies- is made by fusing a cancer cell and a lymphocyte |
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Monoclonal antibodies (define the term monoclonal antibodies, define the term hybridoma cell, describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced by lymphocytes, explain how monoclonal antibodies are used in pregnancy testing, explain how monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnosis of disease, explain the advantages of monoclonal antibodies compared with drug and radiotherapy treatment to target cells |
Are pure Samples of millions of a particular antibody that binds to only one antigen It can produce vast quantities of monoclonal antibodies- is made by fusing a cancer cell and a lymphocyte See photo for how monoclonal antibodies are produced by lymphocytes The monoclonal antibodies on the stick have blue beads attached, if you are pregnant, when you dip the stick in urine, the hormone produced when pregnant binds to the antibodies with the blue needs attached and moved up the stick. These get stuck to a test strip, which has more antibodies attached and this turns the urine blue- indicating pregnancy. A control site stops any free antibodies and shows the test is working. Blood clots and cancer cells carry particular antigens. Specific monoclonal antibodies can be produced which bind to these antigens. Radioactive markers can be attached to the monoclonal antibodies enabling doctors to locate the blood clots or cancer cells using a PET scanner Cancer cells have unique proteins at their surface compared to normal cells. The monoclonal antibodies are combined with anti-cancer drugs making it possible to deliver the drugs to the cancerous cells only. This reduces the amount. Of drug needed and the damage to healthy cells (unlike traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy where all cells are harmed). |
