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Health and disease (define health and disease, describe how communicable and non communicable dies eases differ, outline the role of the immune system in protecting against disease)
Health: a state of complete physical, social and mental well being
Disease: a disorder that affects the structure of function in a animal or plant
Communicable disease can be caught from other people but noncommunicable diseases can’t
The immune system protects use from diseases if our physical/chemical barriers fail. The body identifies pathogens by their antibodies and so the lymphocytes, With antibodies (a protein)on their surface with a matching shape can attack the antibodies by labelling them and causing hem to clump together, the pathogen can then be destroyed.
When the pathogens have been killed, some of the lymphocytes remain in the blood as memory lymphocytes, this means if you catch the same pathogen, the memory lymphocytes can launch a much faster secondary response, preventing you from being ill again and being imune
Non-communicable diseases ( example of noncommunicable diseases, define the term malnutrition, explain how diet can lead to malnutrition, describe the link between alcohol and liver disease)
Examples: scurvy (vitamin c), rickets (vitamin d and/or calcium), anaemia (iron), kwashiorkor (protein)
Lack of proper nutrition caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.
By having a poor diet, one does not get the nutrients one needs to be healthy
The more alcohol one consumes, the higher the chance is of getting liver disease, alcohol is a risks factor for liver disease
Cardiovascular disease (describe how obesity is measured, describe how obesity correlated with cardiovascular disease, describe how smoking correlated with cardiovascular disease, compare how cardiovascular diseases are treated)
Measured in BMI (body mass index (mass/ height2)- not to accurate as some people are a more solid build than others) and waist: hip ratio (a better measurement as the results are more accurate For cv disease)
To much fat in the diet is a risk factor for cv as it causes a build up of fat in the arteries which can cause heart attacks or strokes
Smoking is a risk factor of cv disease as substances from tobacco are inhaled and absorbed into blood stream. This damages blood vessels which causes the vessels to narrow. This increases blood pressure which increases blood clots which lead to cv disease
Many treatments for cv such as medication and lifestyle adaptions, can have surgery though: a stent is inserted into artery with ballon attached. Ballon is inflated causing stent to widen and flatten fatty deposits. This widens artery and lowers the risk of heart attacks and blood clots
Pathogens (describe some problems and diseases caused by bacteria, describe a disease caused by a virus, describe a disease caused by a fungus, explain how signs of a disease can be used to identify the pathogen)
Cholera, symptoms: diarrhoea, spread: in water and then ingested, how it can be reduced: drinking unpolluted water
Ebola, symptoms: internal bleeding and fever, spread: easily enters through broken skin eyes nose and mouth, how it can be prevented: by wearing full body protection and washing hands to stop virus being carried
Chalara dieback, symptoms: lesions on trunk and branches, leaves during early, dieback at top of tree, spread: in air as tiny spores, how it can be prevented: remove affected trees so can’t be spread
Pathogens can be cultured in agar jelly, to recognise the pathogen, or genetic analysis can be used
Spreading pathogens (ways that pathogens can be spread, examples of how pathogens are spread in different ways, explain how the spread of pathogen can be reduced)
Airborne (tuberculosis- covering mouth when sneezing)
Vectors (malaria- mosquito nets)
Common vehicles (Stomach ulcers- good hygiene stops bacteria spreading)
Contact (Ebola- bst to avoid infected or wear full body protection)
Virus life cycles (structure of a virus, explain how viruses differ from cells, describe lytic pathway of virus life cycle, describe lysogenic pathway of virus life cycle, differences between lytic and lysogenic cycle,calculate the cross-sectional area of viral culture and clear agar jelly)
All contain one or more strands of genetic material, which is surrounded by a protein coat (or capsid).
Aren’t classified as living organisms as the can’t replicate and have to enter a living cell to do so
In the lytic cycle, the virus injects DNA into the cell, which then forms a circle inside bacterial cell. The viral DNA then manufactures virus particles, which are released when cell breaks open
In the lysogenic cycle, the virus injects DNA into the cell which causes the incorporation of genetic Material. Cell devision then happens (like normal). Under stressful conditions the vital DNA is cut from the bacterial chromosomes and enters the lytic cycle
the virus in lysogenic is dormant, isn’t in lytic. The virus is incorporated into genome in lysogenic, isn’t in lytic
Use pi x r2 to find cross sectional area
Plant defences (describe physical Barriers of plants to pests and pathogens, describe chemical Barriers of plants to pests and pathogens, describe how plant protective chemicals are used to treat human diseases or symptoms, describe examples of aseptic techniques, explain why aseptic technique must be used during the culture of microorganisms)
Bark, thorns, waxy cuticles, cellulose cell wall
Toxins, poisons, antiseptics
Digitalis from foxgloves- heart conditions/ aspirin from willow- pain relief/ quinine from cinchona trees- malaria
1) use of autoclave to sterilise equipment (uses heat) 2) heating to kill all living organisms
Aseptic techniques are used to kill any unwanted pathogens so that the readily are accurate and no dangerous pathogens are cultured
Plant diseases (describe how plant diseases are detected using visible symptoms, describe how environmental causes of plant problems are eliminated when identifying disease, describe how distribution analysis can help identify a plant disease, describe how plant pathogens are diagnosed in a lab)
Look for: change in growth, colour change, blotches or lesions, compare against other plants
A soil sample can be taken to see if there is a nutrients deficiency, a distribution analysis can also be taken around the damaged plants occur
Distribution analysis helps as the same problem may look différant in different species, so a distribution analysis is used around the area that the damaged plants occur, then a conformation by lab testing and diagnosis can be done
In labs, a sample of the plant can be cultured on agar so that the pathogens grow and can be identified. Genetic analysis can also be used on the pathogen to see what type it is
Physical and chemical barriers (explains how the spread of STIs and HIV can be reduced and prevented, give examples of physical barriers and how they work, give examples of chemical barriers and how they work
Screening is effective to reduce STIs as it helps to identify an infection so that people can be treated, also contraception and not sharing needles prevents STIs
Physical barriers: skin (pathogens can’t cross through, can only go through cuts), cilia (moves substances such as mucus across surfaces and carries dust and pathogens away), mucus (traps dust and pathogens
Chemical barriers: enzymes (lysozyme) (kills pathogens, hydrochloride acid (reduces the pH to about pH 2 which kills harmful microorganisms in food
The immune system (what does the immune system do, describe how antigens triggers the release of antibodies and the production of memory lymphocytes, describe the role of antibodies in the immune response, describe the role of memory lymphocytes in triggering a secondary response, explain how immunisation protects against infection by a pathogen, discuss advantages of immunisation including herd immunity)
The immune system protects the body by attacking pathogens
Antigens are detected by antibodies,the antibodies can attach onto the antigen and label then causing them to clump together and be destroyed. When the lymphocyte (it is a white blood cell with the antibody attached) is activated by attacking to an antigen, it divides rapidly to make many lymphocytes with the same antibodies.
Some of these lymphocytes remain in the blood as a memory lymphocytes. If you catch the same pathogen, the memory lymphocytes can recognise the pathogens and produce antibodies much quicker, preventing you from being ill again. This is the secondary response
Immunisation is when you cannot get a disease, this is normally done by a vaccination (a weakens or inactive pathogen is injected or taken orally so ones immune system can produce memory lymphocytes that will attack the real pathogen if one catches it
Benefits of immunisation:usually causes little reaction/ most vaccines last for years... risks:!slight chance that one may react badly/ for herd immunity, one does not know how many have been vaccinated and there is still a chance they may get the pathogen
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